Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

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Identidad taxonómica

Scientific name: Helianthus annuus L.
Canonical name: The scientific name without its authorship or date, for example Zea mays instead of Zea mays L.: Helianthus annuus
Authorship: The author or authors credited with publishing the scientific name. It is written after the name, sometimes with the year, for example L. (Linnaeus) in Zea mays L. An author in parentheses first published the name in another genus or rank.: L.
Common names: Sunflower, common sunflower, Annual Sunflower, Mirasol, Ornamental Sunflower, Wild Sunflower, garden sunflower
Names in other languages (110)
Acahual, Almindelig solsikke, Auringonkukka, Aycicegi, Beni anyi, Blodau'r Haul, Blodyn yr Haul, Bunga Matahari, Chirasol, Einjaehrige Sonnenblume, Floarea soarelui, Floarea-soarelui, Gewöhnliche Sonnenblume, Gira-sol, Girasol, Girasole, Girasole comune, Girassol, Günəbaxan, Hamanit metzuya, Helianthe annuel, Helianto, Hélianthe annuel, Grand soleil, Tournesol, Hélianthe annuel, Tournesol, Fleur soleil, Grand soleil, Hướng dương, Inti wayta, Kembang Matahari, Kembang srengéngé, Napraforgó, Neòinean-grèine, Nidíyílii, Paprastoji saulėgrąža, Paʼaqily, Pokok Bunga Matahari, Pǟvapusk, Sanruus, Saulespuķe, Saulgrieze, Soleil d'or, Sonnenblume, Suncokret, Sunflower (EN); Sonnenblume (DE); Girasol (ES), Słonecznik zwyczajny, Sōlate, Tikroji saulėgrąža, Tournesol, Tournesol, Soleil, Hélianthe annuel, Tsimanoundrou lanitri, Turnesol, Vasaras saulgrieze, Virasolelh, Xirasol, Ziinda`aagan, Zonnebloem, alizeti, ayçiçeği, beaiveruvsu, beaivvášlieđđi, grand soleil, haebaragi, harilik päevalill, himawari, hélianthe annuel, ilios, isoauringonkukka, közönséges napraforgó, navadna sončnica, paakü', päevalill, slnečnica ročná, slune, slunečnice roční, soleil, solros, solsikke, solvendel, sonneblom, sunfloro, valihana, xaricámata, Ηλίανθος, Наран цэцэг, Подсолнечник однолетний, Слънчоглед, Сончоглед, Соняшник, Соняшник звичайний, Соняшник однорічний, Сунцокрет, Хĕвелçаврăнăш, חמניה, חמנית מצויה, تباع الشمس, دوار الشمس, دوار الشمس الحولي, زهرة الشمس, عبّاد الشمس, لمرګلی, ميال الشمس, सूरजमुखी, सूर्यफूल, সূর্যমুখী, ప్రొద్దు తిరుగుడు, സൂര്യകാന്തി, ทานตะวัน, နေကြာ, ზეთის მზესუმზირა, ヒマワリ, 向日葵, 해바라기
Kingdom: One of the broadest ranks of biological classification. It groups organisms that share very basic features, for example plants (Plantae), animals (Animalia) or fungi (Fungi).: Plantae
Phylum: Rank below kingdom that groups organisms with a shared general body plan, for example chordates (Chordata), arthropods (Arthropoda) or vascular plants (Tracheophyta). In botany the same rank is also called division.: Tracheophyta
Class: Rank below phylum, for example mammals (Mammalia), birds (Aves), insects (Insecta) or monocot plants such as grasses and orchids (Liliopsida).: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rank below class that groups related families, for example grasses and their relatives (Poales) or bats (Chiroptera).: Asterales
Family: Rank below order that groups related genera. Family names usually end in -aceae in botany (for example Poaceae, the grass family) and in -idae in zoology (for example Felidae, the cat family).: Asteraceae
Genus: Rank that groups closely related species. Its name is the first word of a species' scientific name and starts with a capital letter, for example Zea in Zea mays.: Helianthus
Specific epithet: The second word of a species' scientific name. On its own it does not name the species: it always goes with the genus, for example mays in Zea mays.: annuus
Taxonomic rank: The level a name occupies in the hierarchy of biological classification, such as kingdom, family, genus, species or subspecies.: species
Reference species: Helianthus annuus
Taxonomic status: Whether the taxonomic catalogue the record comes from currently accepts this name for the organism, or treats it as a synonym of another accepted name or as doubtful.: accepted name

Photos and conservation status

IUCN Red List category: The extinction-risk category that the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assigns to a species on its Red List. EX Extinct: there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. EW Extinct in the wild: it survives only in cultivation, in captivity or as a population far outside its past range. CR Critically endangered, EN Endangered and VU Vulnerable: the three threatened categories, from an extremely high to a high risk of extinction in the wild. NT Near threatened: close to qualifying as threatened. LC Least concern: evaluated and not threatened. DD Data deficient: there is not enough information to assess its risk. NE Not evaluated: not yet assessed against the criteria. It describes the risk of the species worldwide, not its situation in a project's area.: Least concern (LC)
Source: IUCN Red List via GBIF, queried on 2026-10-09 09:16.

Photo of Helianthus annuus L. — Photo: Daughter Dad · CC BY 4.0 · View original image · Original observation

Research-grade iNaturalist observations via GBIF, CC0 or CC BY licences only, queried on 2026-10-09 09:16.

Interacciones documentadas

GloBI says it is documented somewhere in the world. Biolitica answers whether it could happen here.

A documented interaction means it was recorded somewhere in the world. It does not mean it occurs here.

Types shown: 12 of 17 has its flowers visited by × interacts with (this species is the record's destination) × is pollinated by × is a host of × is eaten by × is visited by × interacts with (this species is the record's origin) × has as a parasite × is adjacent to × is a mutualist of × is preyed upon by × co-occurs ecologically with × 5 more types with data for this species

Blocks that do not sit under a navigation concept heading keep the source's own term: no navigation concept has been assigned to them yet.

Flower visit

has its flowers visited by 818 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. Visiting a flower is not pollinating it. «Pollinates» is a different term and a different block, and merging the two is the measured defect that turned ~88 shared «pollinators» into birds and primates.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Common Eastern Bumble Bee Bombus impatiens Apidae	has its flowers visited by	376	not compared
376 sources · 522 records https://www.bumblebeewatch.org/metadata/ Published in globalbioticinteractions/gbif-us-bees Record contexts (sample): no place published · Aug. 9, 2024 · Human observation; no place published · Sept. 14, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20770597 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Aug. 13, 2013 · Human observation; no place published · Aug. 13, 2013 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55283269 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Aug. 3, 2020 · Human observation; no place published · Aug. 3, 2020 · Human observation Records of organisms other than plants having flower visitors are probably errors Published in globalbioticinteractions/refuted-biotic-interactions-by-eol Record contexts (sample): no place published · no date published; no place published · no date published Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson. Published in millerse/Flowers-and-insects-lists-of-visitors-to-four-hundred-and-fifty-three-flowers Context: southwestern Illinois, USA · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99224099 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 24, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200666215 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 13, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101606525 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 5, 2021 · Human observation And 368 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
European Honey Bee Apis mellifera Apidae	has its flowers visited by	140	not compared
140 sources · 152 records Records of organisms other than plants having flower visitors are probably errors Published in globalbioticinteractions/refuted-biotic-interactions-by-eol Record contexts (sample): no place published · no date published; no place published · no date published Cyrille, N., Lelièvre, Y., Dumbardon-Martial, E. et al. Wild insect flower visitor assemblages and resource use in tropical gardens: driven by floral offer, modulated by honeybees. Biodivers Conserv 35, 213 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-026-03395-9. Accessed at <https:/… Published in globalbioticinteractions/cyrille2026 Record contexts (sample): Martinique · 0023-09-07T00:00:00Z; Martinique · 0023-09-07T00:00:00Z Frankie, G. W., Thorp, R. W., Schindler, M., Hernandez, J., Ertter, B., & Rizzardi, M. (2005). Ecological Patterns of Bees and Their Host Ornamental Flowers in Two Northern California Cities. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 78(3), 227246. https://doi.org/10.2317/040… Published in Extended-Bee-Network/bee-interaction-database Record contexts (sample): no place published · no date published; no place published · no date published urn:catalog:USDA-ARS:BBSL1165302 Published in globalbioticinteractions/gbif-us-bees Context: Rick's Spring, 3.2km NNE · July 29, 2021 · Preserved specimen Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson. Published in millerse/Flowers-and-insects-lists-of-visitors-to-four-hundred-and-fifty-three-flowers Context: southwestern Illinois, USA · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99751026 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 29, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/298943351 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 18, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1657224 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 18, 2014 · Human observation And 132 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Ligated Furrow Bee Halictus ligatus Halictidae	has its flowers visited by	129	not compared
129 sources · 129 records Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson. Published in millerse/Flowers-and-insects-lists-of-visitors-to-four-hundred-and-fifty-three-flowers Context: southwestern Illinois, USA · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98809148 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 20, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98816238 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 20, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/305246243 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 10, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/10186031 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 8, 2011 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13492606 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 16, 2018 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124034667 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 29, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/14763644 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 26, 2018 · Human observation And 121 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Agile Long-horned Bee Melissodes agilis Apidae	has its flowers visited by	108	not compared
108 sources · 109 records Records of organisms other than plants having flower visitors are probably errors Published in globalbioticinteractions/refuted-biotic-interactions-by-eol Record contexts (sample): no place published · no date published; no place published · no date published Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson. Published in millerse/Flowers-and-insects-lists-of-visitors-to-four-hundred-and-fifty-three-flowers Context: southwestern Illinois, USA · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/391827392 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 10, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/391830265 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 10, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/182273605 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 5, 2023 · Human observation https://ecdysis.org/collections/individual/index.php?occid=5114729 Published in globalbioticinteractions/ecdysis Context: no place published · June 13, 1936 · Preserved specimen https://ecdysis.org/collections/individual/index.php?occid=5596545 Published in globalbioticinteractions/ecdysis Context: near Selah · Aug. 2, 2023 · Preserved specimen https://ecdysis.org/collections/individual/index.php?occid=5596546 Published in globalbioticinteractions/ecdysis Context: near Selah · Aug. 2, 2023 · Preserved specimen And 100 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 818, by number of studies See more of this type

interacts with 765 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Agile Long-horned Bee Melissodes agilis Apidae	interacts with	370	not compared
370 sources · 396 records 1949. Published in globalbioticinteractions/dorey2023 Record contexts (sample): Larned · Jan. 1, 1949; Kismet · Jan. 1, 1949 1964. Published in globalbioticinteractions/dorey2023 Record contexts (sample): Coaldale · Jan. 1, 1964; Rodeo, 13 mi N · Jan. 1, 1964 1951. Published in globalbioticinteractions/dorey2023 Record contexts (sample): Assaria, St Hwy 4 · Jan. 1, 1951; Turlock · Jan. 1, 1951 1970. Published in globalbioticinteractions/dorey2023 Record contexts (sample): Balmorhea, 5 mi SW · Jan. 1, 1970; Canyon · Jan. 1, 1970 1959. Published in globalbioticinteractions/dorey2023 Record contexts (sample): Salt Lake City, 27 mi W · Jan. 1, 1959; Salt Lake City, 27 mi W · Jan. 1, 1959 1978. Published in globalbioticinteractions/dorey2023 Record contexts (sample): Columbus, 20 mi W · Jan. 1, 1978; Columbus, 20 mi W · Jan. 1, 1978 1952. Published in globalbioticinteractions/dorey2023 Record contexts (sample): Santa Fe · Jan. 1, 1952; Nickerson · Jan. 1, 1952 17320b99-1ed6-11e3-bfac-90b11c41863e Published in globalbioticinteractions/ku-semc Context: unspecified, Douglas County · Aug. 18, 1949 · Preserved specimen And 362 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Common Eastern Bumble Bee Bombus impatiens Apidae	interacts with	253	not compared
253 sources · 255 records https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=32748380 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=39851103 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Sept. 8, 1958 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Sept. 8, 1958 · Preserved specimen A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining. Accessed at <https://github.com/EOL/pseudonitzchia/archive/e5838965a186fba4b7215cd0d179c4526773bad5.zip> on 04 Sep 2026. Published in EOL/pseudonitzchia Context: no place published · no date published Cresson, Published in globalbioticinteractions/tamuic-ent Context: United States of America · no date published https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=65391298 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: no place published · Aug. 30, 1960 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=65391299 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: no place published · Aug. 30, 1960 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=65391301 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: no place published · Aug. 30, 1960 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=65391302 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: no place published · Aug. 30, 1960 · Preserved specimen And 245 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Ligated Furrow Bee Halictus ligatus Halictidae	interacts with	237	not compared
237 sources · 343 records Digital Bee Collections Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2016-03-08. National Science Foundation grant DBI 0956388 Published in globalbioticinteractions/arthropodEasyCaptureAMNH Record contexts (sample): San Pedro de Colonias · Aug. 20, 1947 · Preserved specimen; San Pedro de Colonias · Aug. 20, 1947 · LabelObservation https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=16818367 Published in globalbioticinteractions/ucm-ucmc Record contexts (sample): Province Center Park in Lone Tree · Aug. 2, 2004 · Preserved specimen; Province Center Park in Lone Tree · Aug. 2, 2004 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=32750193 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=32750194 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=32750195 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=32750196 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=32750197 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=32750198 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1955 · Preserved specimen And 229 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Agile Long-horned Bee Melissodes agilis Apidae	interacts with	233	not compared
233 sources · 331 records Digital Bee Collections Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2016-03-08. National Science Foundation grant DBI 0956388 Published in globalbioticinteractions/arthropodEasyCaptureAMNH Record contexts (sample): Montague · Sept. 5, 1963 · Preserved specimen; Montague · Sept. 5, 1963 · LabelObservation https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=36924544 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=36924545 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=36924546 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=36924547 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=36924548 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=36924549 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen; no place published · Jan. 1, 1958 · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=36924575 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Record contexts (sample): Lafayette · Jan. 1, 1954 · Preserved specimen; Lafayette · Jan. 1, 1954 · Preserved specimen And 225 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 765, by number of studies See more of this type

Pollination

is pollinated by 511 organisms

This term declares that the organism benefits this species. «Visits the flowers of» is a different term and a different block: a visitor is not a pollinator, and merging the two is the measured defect that turned ~88 shared «pollinators» into birds and primates.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Buff-tailed Bumblebee Bombus terrestris Apidae	is pollinated by	7	not compared
7 sources · 6683 records Lanuza et al. (2025), EuPPollNet: A European Database of Plant-Pollinator Networks. Global Ecol Biogeogr, 34: e70000. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70000. Accessed at <https://github.com/JoseBSL/EuPPollNet/archive/31716d21d5aad8c27c1d91dd0620149ef42e8836.zip> on 04 Sep 2026. Published in JoseBSL/EuPPollNet Record contexts (sample): Rafz · July 13, 2020 · Transect; Rafz · July 13, 2020 · Transect Silvia Castro, Lucie Mota, Joao Loureiro, Evan Marks Published in ibartomeus/CropPol Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 2018; no place published · Jan. 1, 2018 Poelen, J. H. Global Biotic Interactions: Interpreted Data Products. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5708970 (2021). Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: Global · Jan. 1, 2021 · Metaanalysis Reji Chacko, M., Albouy, C., Altermatt, F., Brändle, M., Casanelles Abella, J., Boussange, V., Campell, F., Ellis, W. N., Fopp, F., Gossner, M. M., Ho., H., Joss, A., Kipf, P., Neff, F., Petrović, A., Prié, V., Tomanović, Ž., Zimmerli, N., Pellissier, L. (2024). trophiCH v1 - a … Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: no place published · no date published Balfour, N. J., Castellanos, M. C., Goulson, D., Philippides, A., & Johnson, C. (2022). DoPI: The Database of Pollinator Interactions. Ecology, 103(11), e3801. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3801 Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: United Kingdom · Jan. 1, 2022 · Metaanalysis Bertrand, C., Eckerter, P. W., Ammann, L., Entling, M. H., Gobet, E., Herzog, F., Mestre, L., Tinner, W., & Albrecht, M. (2019). Data from: Seasonal shifts and complementary use of pollen sources by two bee, a lacewing and a ladybeetle species in European agricultural landscapes… Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: Switzerland; Germany · Jan. 1, 2019 · Morphological analysis Gideon Pisanty, Alexandra-Maria Klein, Yael Mandelik Published in ibartomeus/CropPol Context: no place published · Jan. 1, 2010 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Great Banded Furrow Bee Halictus scabiosae Halictidae	is pollinated by	5	not compared
5 sources · 2557 records Lanuza et al. (2025), EuPPollNet: A European Database of Plant-Pollinator Networks. Global Ecol Biogeogr, 34: e70000. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70000. Accessed at <https://github.com/JoseBSL/EuPPollNet/archive/31716d21d5aad8c27c1d91dd0620149ef42e8836.zip> on 04 Sep 2026. Published in JoseBSL/EuPPollNet Record contexts (sample): Stammheim · July 14, 2020 · Transect; Rafz · July 13, 2020 · Transect Jeroen Scheper (WUR), David Kleijn (WUR), Isabelle Badenhausser (CEBC-CNRS), Vincent Bretagnolle (CEBC-CNRS), Ignasi Bartomeus (EBD-CSIC), Carlos Zaragoza-Trello (EBD-CSIC) Published in ibartomeus/CropPol Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 2015; no place published · Jan. 1, 2015 Silvia Castro, Lucie Mota, Joao Loureiro, Evan Marks Published in ibartomeus/CropPol Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 2017; no place published · Jan. 1, 2018 Reji Chacko, M., Albouy, C., Altermatt, F., Brändle, M., Casanelles Abella, J., Boussange, V., Campell, F., Ellis, W. N., Fopp, F., Gossner, M. M., Ho., H., Joss, A., Kipf, P., Neff, F., Petrović, A., Prié, V., Tomanović, Ž., Zimmerli, N., Pellissier, L. (2024). trophiCH v1 - a … Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: no place published · no date published Amiet, F., Herrmann, M., Müller, A., & Neumeyer, R. (2001). Halictus, Lasioglossum. Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft. Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: Switzerland · Jan. 1, 2001 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Lasioglossum subhirtum Halictidae	is pollinated by	4	not compared
4 sources · 6 records Silvia Castro, Lucie Mota, Joao Loureiro, Evan Marks Published in ibartomeus/CropPol Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 2018; no place published · Jan. 1, 2018 Reji Chacko, M., Albouy, C., Altermatt, F., Brändle, M., Casanelles Abella, J., Boussange, V., Campell, F., Ellis, W. N., Fopp, F., Gossner, M. M., Ho., H., Joss, A., Kipf, P., Neff, F., Petrović, A., Prié, V., Tomanović, Ž., Zimmerli, N., Pellissier, L. (2024). trophiCH v1 - a … Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: no place published · no date published CSCF. (2017). Info fauna \| Data Server. info fauna Nationales Daten- und Informationszentrum der Schweizer Fauna. https://lepus.infofauna.ch/tab/ Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: Switzerland · Jan. 1, 2017 · Metaanalysis Jeroen Scheper (WUR), David Kleijn (WUR), Isabelle Badenhausser (CEBC-CNRS), Vincent Bretagnolle (CEBC-CNRS), Ignasi Bartomeus (EBD-CSIC), Carlos Zaragoza-Trello (EBD-CSIC) Published in ibartomeus/CropPol Context: no place published · Jan. 1, 2015 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Red-tailed Bumblebee Bombus lapidarius Apidae	is pollinated by	4	not compared
4 sources · 59 records Lanuza et al. (2025), EuPPollNet: A European Database of Plant-Pollinator Networks. Global Ecol Biogeogr, 34: e70000. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70000. Accessed at <https://github.com/JoseBSL/EuPPollNet/archive/31716d21d5aad8c27c1d91dd0620149ef42e8836.zip> on 04 Sep 2026. Published in JoseBSL/EuPPollNet Record contexts (sample): Stammheim · July 14, 2020 · Transect; Stammheim · July 14, 2020 · Transect Jeroen Scheper (WUR), David Kleijn (WUR), Isabelle Badenhausser (CEBC-CNRS), Vincent Bretagnolle (CEBC-CNRS), Ignasi Bartomeus (EBD-CSIC), Carlos Zaragoza-Trello (EBD-CSIC) Published in ibartomeus/CropPol Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 2015; no place published · Jan. 1, 2015 Silvia Castro, Lucie Mota, Joao Loureiro, Evan Marks Published in ibartomeus/CropPol Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 2018; no place published · Jan. 1, 2018 Balfour, N. J., Castellanos, M. C., Goulson, D., Philippides, A., & Johnson, C. (2022). DoPI: The Database of Pollinator Interactions. Ecology, 103(11), e3801. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3801 Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: United Kingdom · Jan. 1, 2022 · Metaanalysis A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 511, by number of studies See more of this type

is a host of 474 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. In the source ontology symbiosis covers mutualism, commensalism and parasitism alike, so this block holds attackers and allies side by side.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Puccinia helianthi Pucciniaceae	is a host of	1134	not compared
1134 sources · 1152 records Shaw, C.G.. 1973. Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest - I. Hosts. Washington State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 765:1-121 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; United States · no date published Hunt, W.r.. 1926. The Uredinales or Rusts of Connecticut and the Other New England States.. Connecticut State Geol. Surv. Bull. 36:1-198 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; United States · no date published Parmelee, J.A.. 1977. %Puccinia helianthi%. Fungi Canadenses 95:1-2 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Canada · no date published; Canada · no date published Richardson, M.J.. 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-Borne Diseases. Fourth Edition. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich :387+ Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Russia · no date published; Kenya · no date published Hylander, N., Jorstad, I., and Nannfeldt, J.A.. 1953. Enumerato Uredinearum Scandinavicarum. Opera Bot. 1:1-102 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Finland · no date published; Denmark · no date published Lindquist, J.C.. 1982. Royas de la Republica Argentina y Zonas Limitrofes.. Inst. Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. :574 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Bolivia · no date published; Argentina · no date published Urtiaga, R.. 1986. Indice de enfermedades en plantas de Venezuela y Cuba. Impresos en Impresos Nuevo Siglo. S.R.L., Barquisimeto, Venezuela :202 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Venezuela · no date published; Cuba · no date published Cummins, G.B.. 1979. Annotated, illustrated, host index of Sonoran Desert rust fungi.. Mycotaxon 10:1-20 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; United States · no date published And 1126 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Septoria helianthi Mycosphaerellaceae	is a host of	154	not compared
154 sources · 161 records Anonymous. 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 165:1-531 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; United States · no date published Richardson, M.J.. 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-Borne Diseases. Fourth Edition. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich :387+ Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Czechoslovakia · no date published; Yugoslavia · no date published Shaw, C.G.. 1973. Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest - I. Hosts. Washington State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 765:1-121 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; United States · no date published https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11788545 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: At (or near) London · no date published · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11788551 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Passaic · June 12, 1892 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11788541 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: London · June 1, 1898 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11788542 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Kapuskasing · Aug. 13, 1935 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11788543 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Kapuskasing, Experimental Station · Aug. 18, 1943 · Preserved specimen And 146 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Plasmopara halstedii Peronosporaceae	is a host of	127	not compared
127 sources · 160 records Farr, David F.; Rossman, Amy Y.; Castlebury, Lisa A. (2021). United States National Fungus Collections Fungus-Host Dataset. Ag Data Commons. https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1524414. Accessed at <https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host/archive/47a3882c0c536… Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Romania · no date published; United States · no date published Richardson, M.J.. 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-Borne Diseases. Fourth Edition. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich :387+ Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): USSR · no date published; United States · no date published Gilley, M.A., Gulya, T.J., Seiler, G.J., Underwood, W., Hulke, B.S., Misar, C.G., and Markell, S.G.. 2020. Determination of virulence phenotypes of %Plasmopara halstedii% in the United States. Pl. Dis. 104(11):2823-2831 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; United States · no date published Anonymous. 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 165:1-531 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; United States · no date published Zimmer, D.E.. 1973. Basal gall of sunflowers incited by %Plasmopara halstedii%. Pl. Dis. Reporter 57:647-649 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; United States · no date published Zimmer, D.E.. 1971. A serious outbreak of downy mildew in the principal sunflower production area of the United States. Pl. Dis. Reporter 55:11-12 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; United States · no date published Garcia-Carneros, A.B., and Molinero-Ruiz, L.. 2017. First report of the highly virulent race 705 of %Plasmopara halstedii% (downy mildew of sunflower) in Portugal and in Spain. Pl. Dis. 101(8):1555 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Spain · no date published; Portugal · no date published Spring, O. , Voglmayr, H., Riethmuller, A., and Oberwinkler, F.. 2003. Characterization of a %Plasmopara% isolate from %Helianthus x laetiflorus% based on cross infection, morphological, fatty acids and molecular phylogenetic data. Mycol. Progr. 2:163-170 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Germany · no date published; Hungary · no date published And 119 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Erysiphe cichoracearum	is a host of	81	not compared
81 sources · 84 records Shaw, C.G.. 1973. Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest - I. Hosts. Washington State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 765:1-121 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; United States · no date published Dingley, J.M., Fullerton, R.A., and McKenzie, E.H.C.. 1981. Survey of Agricultural Pests and Diseases. Technical Report Volume 2. Records of Fungi, Bacteria, Algae, and Angiosperms Pathogenic on Plants in Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Niue, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Western Samoa. F.A.… Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Fiji · no date published; Samoa · no date published https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11604328 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Morden Exp. Station · Sept. 14, 1944 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11593592 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Winnipeg, Manitoba Agricultural College, plots · Sept. 12, 1920 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11621840 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Morden Exp. Station · Sept. 14, 1944 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1373661 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Missoula · Sept. 14, 1898 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1373662 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Ottawa, Carl Co. Western Parkway National Capital Commission · Sept. 19, 1972 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1373663 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Ottawa, Carl Co. Annuals Test Garden, Plant Research Institute, Central Experiment Farm · Sept. 27, 1972 · Preserved specimen And 73 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 474, by number of studies See more of this type

is eaten by 333 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
European Honey Bee Apis mellifera Apidae	is eaten by	75	not compared
75 sources · 75 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197107958 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 20, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/299333483 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 19, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/303318773 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 2, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7157525 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 22, 2017 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7729982 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 31, 2017 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221712678 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 9, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/315651674 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 21, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13154238 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 5, 2018 · Human observation And 67 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Lesser Goldfinch Spinus psaltria Fringillidae	is eaten by	30	not compared
30 sources · 30 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197660339 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 26, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197660341 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 26, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197660344 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 26, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/207085717 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 13, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/212811545 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 2, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221029822 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 6, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11342154 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 22, 2018 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124196019 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 30, 2022 · Human observation And 22 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
American Bumble Bee Bombus pensylvanicus Apidae	is eaten by	27	not compared
27 sources · 28 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/312625820 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Sept. 8, 2025 · Human observation; no place published · Sept. 8, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/202736981 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 1, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/304533333 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 7, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/307519965 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 17, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/308868174 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 24, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/308868186 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 24, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/318012437 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 30, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/122897317 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 21, 2022 · Human observation And 19 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Monarch Danaus plexippus Nymphalidae	is eaten by	25	not compared
25 sources · 26 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/241867706 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Sept. 14, 2024 · Human observation; no place published · Sept. 14, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/303318774 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 2, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/303318784 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 2, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/303318786 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 2, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/307519934 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 17, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/113316445 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 28, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/115007347 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 1, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/244508517 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 28, 2024 · Human observation And 17 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 333, by number of studies See more of this type

is visited by 275 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
American Bumble Bee Bombus pensylvanicus Apidae	is visited by	70	not compared
70 sources · 70 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98826747 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 16, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/301404158 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 23, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/305690337 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 10, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/305939621 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 11, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/305939631 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 11, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/305939648 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 11, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/305939652 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 11, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/306903521 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 14, 2025 · Human observation And 62 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Common Eastern Bumble Bee Bombus impatiens Apidae	is visited by	33	not compared
33 sources · 33 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/304321505 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 6, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/308286462 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 5, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/319158289 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 4, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/319158304 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 4, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/319159056 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 4, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/319159075 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 4, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/319161535 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 4, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/319161567 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 4, 2025 · Human observation And 25 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Lesser Goldfinch Spinus psaltria Fringillidae	is visited by	30	not compared
30 sources · 30 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/301587286 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 22, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/305299912 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 10, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/305303466 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 10, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/305312352 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 10, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/305413532 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 10, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/214260145 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 7, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111363043 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 13, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/326096788 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 4, 2016 · Human observation And 22 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Keeled Treehopper Entylia carinata Membracidae	is visited by	25	not compared
25 sources · 25 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1714302 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 30, 2015 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3690759 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 16, 2016 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3696770 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 17, 2016 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/213481820 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 4, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/218621393 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 27, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221452589 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 8, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13081570 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 3, 2018 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230018633 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 15, 2024 · Human observation And 17 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 275, by number of studies See more of this type

interacts with 110 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Sunflower Helianthus annuus Asteraceae	interacts with	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=HIMS1403-12 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: S of Guelph · May 25, 1901 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=HIMS1404-12 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Velodrome, Wpg · March 26, 1900 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=HIMS1405-12 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Lambton · April 24, 1904 · Material sample A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining. Accessed at <https://github.com/EOL/pseudonitzchia/archive/e5838965a186fba4b7215cd0d179c4526773bad5.zip> on 04 Sep 2026. Published in EOL/pseudonitzchia Context: no place published · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5647615 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 10, 2017 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Foxtail Bristle-grass Setaria italica Poaceae	interacts with	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=884633 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Domain 10, North Sterling NEON, NEON Plot STER_016 · Aug. 19, 2020 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1018163 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Central Plains (D10), North Sterling NEON (STER) · Aug. 3, 2022 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1833176 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Central Plains (D10), North Sterling NEON (STER) · Aug. 19, 2025 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
European Honey Bee Apis mellifera Apidae	interacts with	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining. Accessed at <https://github.com/EOL/pseudonitzchia/archive/e5838965a186fba4b7215cd0d179c4526773bad5.zip> on 04 Sep 2026. Published in EOL/pseudonitzchia Context: no place published · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17164131 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 3, 2018 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59024282 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 8, 2020 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Stink-grass Eragrostis cilianensis Poaceae	interacts with	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=872581 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Domain 10, North Sterling, NEON Plot STER_014 · July 24, 2019 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=884633 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Domain 10, North Sterling NEON, NEON Plot STER_016 · Aug. 19, 2020 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=947523 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Central Plains (D10), North Sterling NEON (STER) · Aug. 11, 2021 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 110, by number of studies See more of this type

has as a parasite 47 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Neocatolaccus tylodermae Pteromalidae	has as a parasite	2	no location
2 sources · 2 records Armstr997 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published CharleArHe2002 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Wasp Trichogramma chilonis Trichogrammatidae	has as a parasite	2	no location
2 sources · 2 records BallalSi2003 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published ReddyMa999 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Parasitic wasp Encarsia lutea Aphelinidae	has as a parasite	2	no location
2 sources · 2 records HernanCaAg2003 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published StonerBu965 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Pteromalus Pteromalidae	has as a parasite	2	no location	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at genus level.
2 sources · 2 records CavendGo982 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published CharleArHe2002 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 47, by number of studies See more of this type

is adjacent to 42 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Puccinia helianthi Pucciniaceae	is adjacent to	77	not compared
77 sources · 77 records 5ffafddb-f1ce-4b34-8860-9c09a39fa25f Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: no place published · Oct. 20, 1895 · Preserved specimen 1d4c806b-a4a2-4548-9bcd-2802c556ea1c Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: K'ou Hsien, Fan Ching Shan · Sept. 15, 1931 · Preserved specimen 4823195f-bb20-4352-9072-7d1dba00d296 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: no place published · July 27, 1911 · Preserved specimen 9fc04b52-cb8f-4390-a51c-ffa624e46959 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: no place published · Oct. 20, 1940 · Preserved specimen 56473f05-e258-4a92-aac7-b56d920dd334 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Parma · Jan. 1, 1883 · Preserved specimen a79aa792-3a86-4dce-b232-6059fc584b0e Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: no place published · Nov. 14, 1921 · Preserved specimen f75a5e09-0828-43d3-9841-a363f46ec98a Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: West Lafayette · Sept. 13, 1915 · Preserved specimen eae4b63a-0414-41ef-a2ca-5201725d6c3b Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: no place published · Oct. 19, 1950 · Preserved specimen And 69 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Anthophorula Apidae	is adjacent to	20	no location	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at genus level.
20 sources · 20 records https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21400997 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: San Antonio · 0010-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21400285 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: No further locality · 0022-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21400999 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: San Antonio · 0010-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21401003 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: San Antonio · 0010-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21401001 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: San Antonio · 0010-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21401002 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: San Antonio · 0010-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21400286 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: No further locality · 0022-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21400996 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: San Antonio · 0010-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen And 12 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Southern Plains Longhorn Tetraloniella spissa Apidae	is adjacent to	15	no location
15 sources · 15 records https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21400994 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: San Antonio · 0010-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21401026 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: No further locality · 0016-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21401013 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: No further locality · 0022-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21400992 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: San Antonio · 0010-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21401028 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: No further locality · 0016-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=48868563 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: San Antonio · 0010-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=48868931 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: No further locality · 0022-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen https://scan-bugs.org:443/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=21401024 Published in globalbioticinteractions/scan Context: No further locality · 0016-06-01T00:00:00Z · Preserved specimen And 7 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Septoria helianthi Mycosphaerellaceae	is adjacent to	14	not compared
14 sources · 14 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=2702295 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Five Miles N.E. of Albin, Alt. 5400 ft. · Aug. 19, 1953 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=7220853 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Columbus · June 6, 1901 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3040280 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · Aug. 15, 1896 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3725477 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: London · June 1, 1898 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=4355638 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · Aug. 1, 1929 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=5019858 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · June 1, 1898 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=5019859 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · June 6, 1901 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3981529 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · Aug. 23, 1894 · Preserved specimen And 6 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 42, by number of studies See more of this type

is a mutualist of 22 organisms

This term declares that the organism benefits this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Yellow-legged Bog Fly Parhelophilus divisus Syrphidae	is a mutualist of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record @book{bhl43820, title = {Flowers and insects; lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty-three flowers, }, copyright = {Public domain. Published 1923-1963 with notice but no evidence of copyright renewal found in Stanford Copyright Renewal Database. Contact dcc@library.uiuc.… Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Context: no place published · July 1, 1899 · field observations A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Syntomopus americanus Pteromalidae	is a mutualist of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record @book{bhl43820, title = {Flowers and insects; lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty-three flowers, }, copyright = {Public domain. Published 1923-1963 with notice but no evidence of copyright renewal found in Stanford Copyright Renewal Database. Contact dcc@library.uiuc.… Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Context: no place published · July 1, 1899 · field observations A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Mournful Long-horned Beetle Typocerus lugubris Cerambycidae	is a mutualist of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record @book{bhl43820, title = {Flowers and insects; lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty-three flowers, }, copyright = {Public domain. Published 1923-1963 with notice but no evidence of copyright renewal found in Stanford Copyright Renewal Database. Contact dcc@library.uiuc.… Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Context: no place published · July 1, 1899 · field observations A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Nematus vertebratus	is a mutualist of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record @book{bhl43820, title = {Flowers and insects; lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty-three flowers, }, copyright = {Public domain. Published 1923-1963 with notice but no evidence of copyright renewal found in Stanford Copyright Renewal Database. Contact dcc@library.uiuc.… Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Context: no place published · July 1, 1899 · field observations A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 22, by number of studies See more of this type

is preyed upon by 6 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus Paridae	is preyed upon by	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67272740 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Dec. 24, 2020 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69961388 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 17, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87461702 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Dec. 24, 2020 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
House Finch Haemorhous mexicanus Fringillidae	is preyed upon by	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/103500596 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Dec. 12, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104187629 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 13, 2021 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis Sittidae	is preyed upon by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67272906 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Dec. 12, 2020 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Monarch Danaus plexippus Nymphalidae	is preyed upon by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67271074 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 20, 2020 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 6, by number of studies See more of this type

co-occurs ecologically with 4 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Dark Sword-grass Agrotis ipsilon Noctuidae	co-occurs ecologically with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Robinson, G.S., Ackery, P.R., Kitching, I.J., Beccaloni, G.W., Hernández, L.M. (2010) HOSTS-A database of the world's lepidopteran hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. Published in globalbioticinteractions/delrisco2021 Context: Bogotá, Colombia · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Painted Lady Vanessa cardui	co-occurs ecologically with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Robinson, G.S., Ackery, P.R., Kitching, I.J., Beccaloni, G.W., Hernández, L.M. (2010) HOSTS-A database of the world's lepidopteran hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. Published in globalbioticinteractions/delrisco2021 Context: Bogotá, Colombia · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Pearly Underwing Peridroma saucia Noctuidae	co-occurs ecologically with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Robinson, G.S., Ackery, P.R., Kitching, I.J., Beccaloni, G.W., Hernández, L.M. (2010) HOSTS-A database of the world's lepidopteran hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. Published in globalbioticinteractions/delrisco2021 Context: Bogotá, Colombia · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Copitarsia decolora	co-occurs ecologically with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Flautero, C.L. (2015) Polillas Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) de importancia agrícola en Colombia. Tesis B.Sc. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá. Published in globalbioticinteractions/delrisco2021 Context: Bogotá, Colombia · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 4, by number of studies

Interaction data from Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI), GloBI 0.11. Each row keeps the citation its own study published.

Interactions are published at species level: they are not resolved by variety or race.

Each block is headed by the source's own term, read from this species' end — not by a category of ours. Two similar terms are not merged.

«Documented here» means the interaction was observed in this territory. It is not evidence that the species is here, and it does not enter the niche model.

Acompañantes documentados

This agronomic reading comes from a source reserved for internal use, so it is not shown here.

Documented uses and recommendations

Uses and recommendations that a source documents for this species beside a crop, each in its own context. They are the source's statements, not traits of the species and not Biolítica's recommendations, and none of them is a relation between two species.

Among the sources you can read, none documents a use or recommendation of this species beside a crop.