bitter ash (Simarouba glauca)

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Identidad taxonómica

Scientific name: Simarouba glauca DC.
Canonical name: The scientific name without its authorship or date, for example Zea mays instead of Zea mays L.: Simarouba glauca
Authorship: The author or authors credited with publishing the scientific name. It is written after the name, sometimes with the year, for example L. (Linnaeus) in Zea mays L. An author in parentheses first published the name in another genus or rank.: DC.
Common names: bitter ash, bitter damson, bitterwood, dysentery-bark, paradise tree, paradise-tree, paradisetree
Names in other languages (21)
Amargo negro; Gavilan, Bitter damson (Jamaica), Bois amer, Bois blanc, Bois frene, Bois negresse, Daguilla, Frene (Haiti), Juan primero, Laguilla, Palmito, Palo amargo, Palo blanco, Pluma de perico, Quassia amarga, Quinquina d'Europe (Dominican Republic), Roblecillo (Cuba), aceituno, lääkekvassia, simaruba liečivá, 樂園樹
Kingdom: One of the broadest ranks of biological classification. It groups organisms that share very basic features, for example plants (Plantae), animals (Animalia) or fungi (Fungi).: Plantae
Phylum: Rank below kingdom that groups organisms with a shared general body plan, for example chordates (Chordata), arthropods (Arthropoda) or vascular plants (Tracheophyta). In botany the same rank is also called division.: Tracheophyta
Class: Rank below phylum, for example mammals (Mammalia), birds (Aves), insects (Insecta) or monocot plants such as grasses and orchids (Liliopsida).: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rank below class that groups related families, for example grasses and their relatives (Poales) or bats (Chiroptera).: Sapindales
Family: Rank below order that groups related genera. Family names usually end in -aceae in botany (for example Poaceae, the grass family) and in -idae in zoology (for example Felidae, the cat family).: Simaroubaceae
Genus: Rank that groups closely related species. Its name is the first word of a species' scientific name and starts with a capital letter, for example Zea in Zea mays.: Simarouba
Specific epithet: The second word of a species' scientific name. On its own it does not name the species: it always goes with the genus, for example mays in Zea mays.: glauca
Taxonomic rank: The level a name occupies in the hierarchy of biological classification, such as kingdom, family, genus, species or subspecies.: species
Reference species: Simarouba glauca
Taxonomic status: Whether the taxonomic catalogue the record comes from currently accepts this name for the organism, or treats it as a synonym of another accepted name or as doubtful.: accepted name

Photos and conservation status

IUCN Red List category: The extinction-risk category that the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assigns to a species on its Red List. EX Extinct: there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. EW Extinct in the wild: it survives only in cultivation, in captivity or as a population far outside its past range. CR Critically endangered, EN Endangered and VU Vulnerable: the three threatened categories, from an extremely high to a high risk of extinction in the wild. NT Near threatened: close to qualifying as threatened. LC Least concern: evaluated and not threatened. DD Data deficient: there is not enough information to assess its risk. NE Not evaluated: not yet assessed against the criteria. It describes the risk of the species worldwide, not its situation in a project's area.: Least concern (LC)
Source: IUCN Red List via GBIF, queried on 2026-10-09 04:42.

Photo of Simarouba glauca DC. — Photo: fmunoz · CC BY 4.0 · View original image · Original observation

Research-grade iNaturalist observations via GBIF, CC0 or CC BY licences only, queried on 2026-10-09 04:42.

Interacciones documentadas

GloBI says it is documented somewhere in the world. Biolitica answers whether it could happen here.

A documented interaction means it was recorded somewhere in the world. It does not mean it occurs here.

Types shown: 5 of 5 is a host of × is eaten by × interacts with × is adjacent to × has its flowers visited by ×

Blocks that do not sit under a navigation concept heading keep the source's own term: no navigation concept has been assigned to them yet.

is a host of 5 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. In the source ontology symbiosis covers mutualism, commensalism and parasitism alike, so this block holds attackers and allies side by side.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Phomopsis sp. Valsaceae	is a host of	1	no location	Not a modelling unit: the source did not resolve a species — the name carries an open-nomenclature qualifier.
1 source · 1 record Alfieri Jr., S.A., Langdon, K.R., Wehlburg, C., and Kimbrough, J.W.. 1984. Index of Plant Diseases in Florida (Revised). Florida Dept. Agric. and Consumer Serv., Div. Plant Ind. Bull. 11:1-389 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: United States · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Atteva floridana Attevidae	is a host of	1	no location
1 source · 1 record Gaden S. Robinson; Phillip R. Ackery; Ian Kitching; George W Beccaloni; Luis M. Hernández (2023). HOSTS (from HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants) [Data set resource]. Natural History Museum. https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/hosts/resource/877f387a-36a3-486c-… Published in globalbioticinteractions/HOSTS Context: USA · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Mycosphaerella sp.	is a host of	1	no location	Not a modelling unit: the source did not resolve a species — the name carries an open-nomenclature qualifier.
1 source · 1 record Urtiaga, R.. 2004?. Indice de enfermedades en plantas de Venezuela y Cuba, Second Edition. Unknown journal or publisher :301 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: Cuba · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
BOLD:AAB3970 Hesperiidae	is a host of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHAHF538-06 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Del Oro, Canyon Rio Mena · June 9, 2005 · Material sample A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 5, by number of studies See more of this type

is eaten by 3 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Black-headed Trogon Trogon melanocephalus Trogonidae	is eaten by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/149566343 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 24, 2023 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Atteva floridana Attevidae	is eaten by	1	no location
1 source · 2 records Edward Baker; Ian Kitching; George W Beccaloni; Amoret Whitaker; Steen Dupont; Vincent Smith; John S Noyes (2017). NHM Interactions Bank. https://doi.org/10.5519/0060767. Accessed at <https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/82e807f0-6273-4f19-be0a-7f7558442a25/resource/f84ad9f1-bd0c-4811… Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Record contexts (sample): no place published · no date published; no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Ailanthus Webworm Moth Atteva aurea Attevidae	is eaten by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/160961023 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 10, 2023 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 3 of 3, by number of studies

interacts with 3 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Oriental Scale Aonidiella orientalis Diaspididae	interacts with	1	not compared
1 source · 4 records Tri-Trophic Thematic Collection Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2016-03-08. http://tcn.amnh.org/. National Science Foundation grant(s) EF#1115081, EF#1115103, EF#1115080, EF#1115144, EF#1115191, EF#1115104, EF#1115115 Published in globalbioticinteractions/arthropodEasyCaptureAMNH Record contexts (sample): Parkland · Dec. 12, 1997 · Preserved specimen; Parkland · Dec. 12, 1997 · LabelObservation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Ailanthus Webworm Moth Atteva aurea Attevidae	interacts with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/358698532 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 4, 2026 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
fig wax scale Ceroplastes rusci Coccidae	interacts with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/190901917 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 13, 2023 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 3 of 3, by number of studies

is adjacent to 2 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Domingan letrouitia lichen Letrouitia domingensis	is adjacent to	1	no location
1 source · 1 record http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/34c78baff-c5de-46f5-a9f8-46d2fe8912cc Published in globalbioticinteractions/usnm Context: Hammock N of Snapper Creek. · Feb. 27, 1924 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Domingan letrouitia lichen Letrouitia domingensis Letrouitiaceae	is adjacent to	1	no location
1 source · 2 records http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/34c78baff-c5de-46f5-a9f8-46d2fe8912cc Published in globalbioticinteractions/usnm Record contexts (sample): Hammock N of Snapper Creek. · Feb. 27, 1924 · Preserved specimen; Hammock N of Snapper Creek. · Feb. 27, 1924 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 2 of 2, by number of studies

Flower visit

has its flowers visited by 1 organism

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. Visiting a flower is not pollinating it. «Pollinates» is a different term and a different block, and merging the two is the measured defect that turned ~88 shared «pollinators» into birds and primates.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Hammoch Skipper Polygonus leo Hesperiidae	has its flowers visited by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/109201084 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 19, 2022 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

Interaction data from Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI), GloBI 0.11. Each row keeps the citation its own study published.

Interactions are published at species level: they are not resolved by variety or race.

Each block is headed by the source's own term, read from this species' end — not by a category of ours. Two similar terms are not merged.

«Documented here» means the interaction was observed in this territory. It is not evidence that the species is here, and it does not enter the niche model.

Acompañantes documentados

This agronomic reading comes from a source reserved for internal use, so it is not shown here.

Documented uses and recommendations

Uses and recommendations that a source documents for this species beside a crop, each in its own context. They are the source's statements, not traits of the species and not Biolítica's recommendations, and none of them is a relation between two species.

Among the sources you can read, none documents a use or recommendation of this species beside a crop.