Ficus pertusa L.fil.

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Identidad taxonómica

Scientific name: Ficus pertusa L.fil.
Canonical name: The scientific name without its authorship or date, for example Zea mays instead of Zea mays L.: Ficus pertusa
Authorship: The author or authors credited with publishing the scientific name. It is written after the name, sometimes with the year, for example L. (Linnaeus) in Zea mays L. An author in parentheses first published the name in another genus or rank.: L.fil.
Common names: Names in other languages (18)
Amatillo, Camichín, Caxinguba, Figueira, Gameleira, Guaxinduba, Higuito, Lombrigueira, Pau-de-corda, Quaxinguba, Tescalame, Uapuim, Uapuim-açu, apuí, bibosi, bibosi palomo, oleanderfikus, 孔榕
Kingdom: One of the broadest ranks of biological classification. It groups organisms that share very basic features, for example plants (Plantae), animals (Animalia) or fungi (Fungi).: Plantae
Phylum: Rank below kingdom that groups organisms with a shared general body plan, for example chordates (Chordata), arthropods (Arthropoda) or vascular plants (Tracheophyta). In botany the same rank is also called division.: Tracheophyta
Class: Rank below phylum, for example mammals (Mammalia), birds (Aves), insects (Insecta) or monocot plants such as grasses and orchids (Liliopsida).: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rank below class that groups related families, for example grasses and their relatives (Poales) or bats (Chiroptera).: Rosales
Family: Rank below order that groups related genera. Family names usually end in -aceae in botany (for example Poaceae, the grass family) and in -idae in zoology (for example Felidae, the cat family).: Moraceae
Genus: Rank that groups closely related species. Its name is the first word of a species' scientific name and starts with a capital letter, for example Zea in Zea mays.: Ficus
Specific epithet: The second word of a species' scientific name. On its own it does not name the species: it always goes with the genus, for example mays in Zea mays.: pertusa
Taxonomic rank: The level a name occupies in the hierarchy of biological classification, such as kingdom, family, genus, species or subspecies.: species
Taxonomic status: Whether the taxonomic catalogue the record comes from currently accepts this name for the organism, or treats it as a synonym of another accepted name or as doubtful.: accepted name

Photos and conservation status

IUCN Red List category: The extinction-risk category that the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assigns to a species on its Red List. EX Extinct: there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. EW Extinct in the wild: it survives only in cultivation, in captivity or as a population far outside its past range. CR Critically endangered, EN Endangered and VU Vulnerable: the three threatened categories, from an extremely high to a high risk of extinction in the wild. NT Near threatened: close to qualifying as threatened. LC Least concern: evaluated and not threatened. DD Data deficient: there is not enough information to assess its risk. NE Not evaluated: not yet assessed against the criteria. It describes the risk of the species worldwide, not its situation in a project's area.: Least concern (LC)
Source: IUCN Red List via GBIF, queried on 2026-10-09 08:31.

Photo of Ficus pertusa L.fil. — Photo: Juan Cruzado Cortés · CC BY 4.0 · View original image · Original observation

Research-grade iNaturalist observations via GBIF, CC0 or CC BY licences only, queried on 2026-10-09 08:31.

Interacciones documentadas

GloBI says it is documented somewhere in the world. Biolitica answers whether it could happen here.

A documented interaction means it was recorded somewhere in the world. It does not mean it occurs here.

Types shown: 9 of 9 is eaten by × is a host of × has as a vector × has as a parasite × is pollinated by × is dispersed by × interacts with × is a mutualist of × is preyed upon by ×

Blocks that do not sit under a navigation concept heading keep the source's own term: no navigation concept has been assigned to them yet.

is eaten by 147 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Jamaica Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus jamaicensis Phyllostomidae	is eaten by	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records Kalko BCI zero intx removed Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Panama · no date published Lopez & Vaughn 2004 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Costa Rica · no date published Garcia-Estrada 2012 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Guatemala · no date published Palmeirim 1989 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Costa Rica · no date published Wendeln, M.C., J.R. Runkle & E.K.V. Kalko. 2000. Nutritional values of 14 fig species and bat feeding preferences in Panama. Biotropica 32: 489-501 Published in globalbioticinteractions/NeoBat_Interactions Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Great Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus lituratus Phyllostomidae	is eaten by	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records Kalko BCI zero intx removed Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Panama · no date published Lopez & Vaughn 2004 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Costa Rica · no date published Garcia-Estrada 2012 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Guatemala · no date published Palmeirim 1989 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Costa Rica · no date published Wendeln, M.C., J.R. Runkle & E.K.V. Kalko. 2000. Nutritional values of 14 fig species and bat feeding preferences in Panama. Biotropica 32: 489-501 Published in globalbioticinteractions/NeoBat_Interactions Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Common Tent-making Bat Uroderma bilobatum Phyllostomidae	is eaten by	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records Kalko BCI zero intx removed Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Panama · no date published Lopez & Vaughn 2004 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Costa Rica · no date published Giannini, N.P. & E.K.V. Kalko. 2004. Trophic structure in a large assemblage of phyllostomid bats in Panama. Oikos 105: 209-220 Published in globalbioticinteractions/NeoBat_Interactions Context: no place published · no date published Lopez, J.E. & C. Vaughan. 2004. Observations on the Role of Frugivorous Bats as Seed Dispersers in Costa Rican Secondary Humid Forests. Acta Chiropterologica 6(1): 111�119 Published in globalbioticinteractions/NeoBat_Interactions Context: no place published · no date published Wendeln, M.C., J.R. Runkle & E.K.V. Kalko. 2000. Nutritional values of 14 fig species and bat feeding preferences in Panama. Biotropica 32: 489-501 Published in globalbioticinteractions/NeoBat_Interactions Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Heller's Broad-nosed Bat Platyrrhinus helleri Phyllostomidae	is eaten by	4	not compared
4 sources · 4 records Kalko BCI zero intx removed Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Panama · no date published Lopez & Vaughn 2004 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Costa Rica · no date published Palmeirim 1989 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Costa Rica · no date published Wendeln, M.C., J.R. Runkle & E.K.V. Kalko. 2000. Nutritional values of 14 fig species and bat feeding preferences in Panama. Biotropica 32: 489-501 Published in globalbioticinteractions/NeoBat_Interactions Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 147, by number of studies See more of this type

is a host of 11 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. In the source ontology symbiosis covers mutualism, commensalism and parasitism alike, so this block holds attackers and allies side by side.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
BOLD:AAA8621 Notodontidae	is a host of	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANB289-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector San Cristobal, Puente Palma · April 13, 2004 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANB832-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector San Cristobal, Camino Brasilia · April 28, 2005 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANB833-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector San Cristobal, Rio Blanco Abajo · May 5, 2005 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHMXD798-06 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector San Cristobal, Sendero Palo Alto · April 11, 2006 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHMYO063-11 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Cacao, Sendero a Maritza, 1 km NW Estacion Cacao · Nov. 15, 2010 · Material sample A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Pegoscapus silvestrii Agaonidae	is a host of	4	no location
4 sources · 4 records http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/62736836 Published in millerse/Wardeh-et-al.-2015 Context: no place published · no date published @article{55792, author = {Bronstein, J.L.}, booktitle = {Ecology}, journal = {Ecology}, pages = {1298-1302}, title = {Mutualism, antagonism and the fig-pollinator interaction.}, volume = {69}, year = {1988}, year_suffix = {b}, issn = {0012-9658} } Published in globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks Context: no place published · no date published @article{55793, author = {Bronstein, J.L.}, booktitle = {Biotropica}, journal = {Biotropica}, pages = {215-219}, title = {Predators of fig wasps.}, volume = {20(3)}, year = {1988}, year_suffix = {c}, issn = {0006-3606} } Published in globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks Context: no place published · no date published @article{51113, author = {Anstett, M.C. and Kjellberg, F. and Bronstein, J.L.}, booktitle = {Journal of Biogeography}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, pages = {459-466}, title = {Waiting for wasps: consequences for the pollination dynamics of <i>Ficus pertusa</i> … Published in globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
BOLD:AAG6389 Sciaridae	is a host of	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=BCISP2724-15 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Canal de Panama, Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Barro Colorado Island, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute · Jan. 6, 2011 · Material s… http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=BCISP2725-15 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Canal de Panama, Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Barro Colorado Island, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute · Jan. 6, 2011 · Material s… http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=BCISP2726-15 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Canal de Panama, Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Barro Colorado Island, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute · Jan. 6, 2011 · Material s… A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
BOLD:AAB3617 Notodontidae	is a host of	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHMYL2061-11 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Cacao, Sendero a Maritza, 1 km NW Estacion Cacao · Oct. 14, 2010 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHMYM2146-11 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Cacao, Sendero a Maritza, 1 km NW Estacion Cacao · Nov. 19, 2010 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHMYO096-11 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Cacao, Sendero a Maritza, 1 km NW Estacion Cacao · Nov. 29, 2010 · Material sample A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 11, by number of studies See more of this type

has as a vector 7 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Common Tent-making Bat Uroderma bilobatum Phyllostomidae	has as a vector	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records Giannini, N. P. & E. K. Kalko. 2004. Trophic structure in a large assemblage of phyllostomid bats in Panama. Oikos 105: 209-220. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Barro Colorado Island · no date published Shanahan, M., et al. 2001. Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: a global review. Biological Reviews 76: 529-572. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Unspecified · no date published Wendeln, M. C., J. R. Runkle & E. K. Kalko. 2000. Nutritional values of 14 fig species and bat feeding preferences in Panama. Biotropica 32 (3): 489-501. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Barro Colorado Island · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Hairy Big-eyed Bat Chiroderma villosum Phyllostomidae	has as a vector	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records Giannini, N. P. & E. K. Kalko. 2004. Trophic structure in a large assemblage of phyllostomid bats in Panama. Oikos 105: 209-220. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Barro Colorado Island · no date published Shanahan, M., et al. 2001. Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: a global review. Biological Reviews 76: 529-572. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Unspecified · no date published Wendeln, M. C., J. R. Runkle & E. K. Kalko. 2000. Nutritional values of 14 fig species and bat feeding preferences in Panama. Biotropica 32 (3): 489-501. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Barro Colorado Island · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
NEW WORLD LEAF-NOSED BATS Phyllostomidae Phyllostomidae	has as a vector	1	not compared	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at family level.
1 source · 1 record Kalko, E. K., E. A. Herre & C. O. Handley. 1996. Relation of fig fruit characteristics to fruit eating bats in the New and Old World tropics. Journal of Biogeography 23: 565-576. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Barro Colorado Island · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Bat Chiroptera	has as a vector	1	not compared	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at order level.
1 source · 1 record Medellín, R. A. & R. A. Gaona. 1999. Seed dispersal by bats and birds in forest and disturbed habitats of Chiapas, México. Biotropica 31 (3): 478-485. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Chajul Tropical Biology Station, Selva Lacandona · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 7, by number of studies See more of this type

has as a parasite 4 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Pegoscapus silvestrii Agaonidae	has as a parasite	6	no location
6 sources · 6 records De San979b via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Bronst991 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Bronst988b via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Bronst988c via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published AnstetKjBr996 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Bronst988 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Heterandrium fallax Pteromalidae	has as a parasite	1	no location
1 source · 1 record Boucek993 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Aepocerus emarginatus Pteromalidae	has as a parasite	1	no location
1 source · 1 record Boucek993 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Pegoscapus Agaonidae	has as a parasite	1	no location	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at genus level.
1 source · 1 record Cruaud, A., Ronsted, N., Chantarasuwan, B., Chou, L. S., Clement, W. L., Couloux, A., … Savolainen, V. (2012). An Extreme Case of Plant-Insect Codiversification: Figs and Fig-Pollinating Wasps. Systematic Biology, 61(6), 1029–1047. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys068 Published in globalbioticinteractions/cruaud Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 4, by number of studies

Pollination

is pollinated by 2 organisms

This term declares that the organism benefits this species. «Visits the flowers of» is a different term and a different block: a visitor is not a pollinator, and merging the two is the measured defect that turned ~88 shared «pollinators» into birds and primates.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Trigona silvestriana Apidae	is pollinated by	1	not compared
1 source · 3 records Ugo Mendes Diniz, Alexander Keller, Gunnar Brehm, Sabine Fernanda Viteri Lalama, Kilian Frühholz, Maximilian Pitz, Julia Windl, Santiago Erazo, Santiago Fernando Burneo, Marco Tschapka, Sara Diana Leonhardt; The neglected pollinators: settling moths are keystone floral visitors … Published in globalbioticinteractions/mendes-diniz-2025 Record contexts (sample): Ecuador · Nov. 4, 2023; Ecuador · Nov. 17, 2023 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Symphlebia tessellata Erebidae	is pollinated by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Ugo Mendes Diniz, Alexander Keller, Gunnar Brehm, Sabine Fernanda Viteri Lalama, Kilian Frühholz, Maximilian Pitz, Julia Windl, Santiago Erazo, Santiago Fernando Burneo, Marco Tschapka, Sara Diana Leonhardt; The neglected pollinators: settling moths are keystone floral visitors … Published in globalbioticinteractions/mendes-diniz-2025 Context: Ecuador · May 7, 2022 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 2 of 2, by number of studies

is dispersed by 1 organism

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Prong-billed Barbet Semnornis frantzii Semnornithidae	is dispersed by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Wheelwright, N.T., Haber, W.A., Murray, K.G., Guindon, C. 1984. Tropical fruit-eating birds and their food plants: a survey of a Costa Rican lower montane forest. Biotropica, 16: 173-192. Published in globalbioticinteractions/web-of-life Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

interacts with 1 organism

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Pegoscapus silvestrii Agaonidae	interacts with	1	no location
1 source · 1 record @article{55791, author = {Bronstein, J.L.}, booktitle = {Ecology}, journal = {Ecology}, pages = {207-214}, title = {Limits to fruit production in a monoecius fig. Consequences of an obligate mutualism.}, volume = {69}, year = {1988}, year_suffix = {a}, issn = {… Published in globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

is a mutualist of 1 organism

This term declares that the organism benefits this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Prong-billed Barbet Semnornis frantzii Semnornithidae	is a mutualist of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record @article{Wheelwright_1984,doi = {10.2307/2388051},url = {https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2388051},year = 1984,month = {sep},publisher = {{JSTOR}},volume = {16},number = {3},pages = {173},author = {Nathaniel T. Wheelwright and William A. Haber and K. Greg Murray and Carlos Guindon},tit… Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Context: no place published · Jan. 1, 1978 · field observations A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

is preyed upon by 1 organism

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Paraná Pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus Serrasalmidae	is preyed upon by	1	no location
1 source · 1 record Globi Published in globalbioticinteractions/carvajal-quintero-2026 Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

Interaction data from Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI), GloBI 0.11. Each row keeps the citation its own study published.

Interactions are published at species level: they are not resolved by variety or race.

Each block is headed by the source's own term, read from this species' end — not by a category of ours. Two similar terms are not merged.

«Documented here» means the interaction was observed in this territory. It is not evidence that the species is here, and it does not enter the niche model.

Acompañantes documentados

This agronomic reading comes from a source reserved for internal use, so it is not shown here.

Documented uses and recommendations

Uses and recommendations that a source documents for this species beside a crop, each in its own context. They are the source's statements, not traits of the species and not Biolítica's recommendations, and none of them is a relation between two species.

Not grouped under a navigation concept

What the source states	Claim type	Context	Source	Actions
Árbol nativo candidato de paisaje	Recommendation of a guideRecommended	coffee · Veracruz, México	Biolítica · compilación de café de CIE-10 sha256:e376ce4d636a
1 source · 2 records Flores-Ortiz et al. 2025 Record contexts (sample): coffee · Veracruz, México; coffee · Veracruz, México A guide's recommendation, in its own context. It is not a measurement and does not carry over to another crop or region.