Akulikuli-kula (Portulaca oleracea)

← Back to the species catalog

Identidad taxonómica

Scientific name: Portulaca oleracea L.
Canonical name: The scientific name without its authorship or date, for example Zea mays instead of Zea mays L.: Portulaca oleracea
Authorship: The author or authors credited with publishing the scientific name. It is written after the name, sometimes with the year, for example L. (Linnaeus) in Zea mays L. An author in parentheses first published the name in another genus or rank.: L.
Common names: Akulikuli-kula, Common Purslane, Duckweed, Garden Purslane, Little Hogweed, Munyeroo, Pigweed, Portulaca-weed, Posteline, Postely, Pruslane, Purslain, Purslane, Pursley, Pussley, Wild Portulaca, cooter grass, little-hogweed, moss rose
Names in other languages (129)
Arba fratesca, Bembe, Bembe di Kome, Burzelkraut, Bürzelkohl, Dirrik pərpərəni, Dārza portulaka, Erba dei porci, Erba fratesca, Erba porcellana, Europäischer Portulak, Gelang biasa, Gelang pasir, Gemuese-Portulak, Gemüse-Portulak, Getozka, Gewürz-Portulak, Gulburru, Gwlyddyn Cyffredin, Iarba grasa, Jědźny portłak, Karaniwang gulasiman, Karaniwang kulasiman, Karaniwang ulasiman, Komuna Purslane, Koupye, Kreusel, Krokot, Körnchen-Gemüse-Portulak, Kövér porcsin, Pang-karaniwang gulasiman, Pang-karaniwang kulasiman, Pang-karaniwang ulasiman, Pangkaraniwang gulasiman, Pangkaraniwang kulasiman, Pangkaraniwang ulasiman, Papillen-Gemüse-Portulak, Paprastoji portulaka, Pirpar, Pokok Gelang Pasir, Pokok Rumput Beremi, Pokok Segan Jantan, Porcelane, Porcellana Comune, Porpin, Portulaca, Portulaca sativa, Portulacă, Portulak, Portulaka Warzywna, Portulaka pospolita, Portulako, Postelein, Pourpier commun, Pourpier cultivé, Pourpier des jardins, Pourpier potager, Pourpier potager, Pourpier cultivé, Porcelane, Pourpier maraîcher, Pourpier potager, Pourpier rouge, Pumpar, Purciddana, Përkakkia, Rau sam, Sauburtzel, Semizoʻt, Serepe, Sommer-Portulak, Sommer-Postelein, Stern-Gemüse-Portulak, Súpugull, Tamole, Tsegha' niłchi', Tsiighájiłchíí, Tséghániłchʼi, Tušt, Varkkos, Verdolaga, Verdolaga euroasiática, Vihannesportulakka, Wilder Portulak, Wilder-Gemüse-Portulak, `akulikuli, acahuecashacua, bagika, baqlah, barbir, batema, batembela, beesporselein, beesporslein, beldroega, bende, bobbejaandraad, borzolaga, bungaruaurasers, d, engañagochos, gewone porslein, ghol, grașiță, harilik portulak, iarbă grasă, igwanitsha, isilele, izilele, kabal-chum, lengua de gato, lenjana, loraca, ma chi xian, malmuere, mansa, mä’a pua’a, pa’apa’a’ina, navadni tolščak, ngela, nie-nie, nuncamuere, pitzitzhual, porselane, porselein, porslein, portlak, portulak ogorodnyj, portulak ovosenoj, portulaka zeleninová, portulakk, pourpier, pourpier gras, pourpier maraîcher
Kingdom: One of the broadest ranks of biological classification. It groups organisms that share very basic features, for example plants (Plantae), animals (Animalia) or fungi (Fungi).: Plantae
Phylum: Rank below kingdom that groups organisms with a shared general body plan, for example chordates (Chordata), arthropods (Arthropoda) or vascular plants (Tracheophyta). In botany the same rank is also called division.: Tracheophyta
Class: Rank below phylum, for example mammals (Mammalia), birds (Aves), insects (Insecta) or monocot plants such as grasses and orchids (Liliopsida).: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rank below class that groups related families, for example grasses and their relatives (Poales) or bats (Chiroptera).: Caryophyllales
Family: Rank below order that groups related genera. Family names usually end in -aceae in botany (for example Poaceae, the grass family) and in -idae in zoology (for example Felidae, the cat family).: Portulacaceae
Genus: Rank that groups closely related species. Its name is the first word of a species' scientific name and starts with a capital letter, for example Zea in Zea mays.: Portulaca
Specific epithet: The second word of a species' scientific name. On its own it does not name the species: it always goes with the genus, for example mays in Zea mays.: oleracea
Taxonomic rank: The level a name occupies in the hierarchy of biological classification, such as kingdom, family, genus, species or subspecies.: species
Reference species: Portulaca oleracea
Taxonomic status: Whether the taxonomic catalogue the record comes from currently accepts this name for the organism, or treats it as a synonym of another accepted name or as doubtful.: accepted name

Photos and conservation status

IUCN Red List category: The extinction-risk category that the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assigns to a species on its Red List. EX Extinct: there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. EW Extinct in the wild: it survives only in cultivation, in captivity or as a population far outside its past range. CR Critically endangered, EN Endangered and VU Vulnerable: the three threatened categories, from an extremely high to a high risk of extinction in the wild. NT Near threatened: close to qualifying as threatened. LC Least concern: evaluated and not threatened. DD Data deficient: there is not enough information to assess its risk. NE Not evaluated: not yet assessed against the criteria. It describes the risk of the species worldwide, not its situation in a project's area.: Least concern (LC)
Source: IUCN Red List via GBIF, queried on 2026-10-12 18:03.

Photo of Portulaca oleracea L. — Photo: Dan Johnson · CC BY 4.0 · View original image · Original observation

Research-grade iNaturalist observations via GBIF, CC0 or CC BY licences only, queried on 2026-10-12 18:03.

Interacciones documentadas

GloBI says it is documented somewhere in the world. Biolitica answers whether it could happen here.

A documented interaction means it was recorded somewhere in the world. It does not mean it occurs here.

Types shown: 12 of 14 is eaten by × is a host of × has its flowers visited by × interacts with (this species is the record's destination) × is pollinated by × interacts with (this species is the record's origin) × is a mutualist of (this species is the record's destination) × has as a parasite × is visited by × is adjacent to × is a mutualist of (this species is the record's origin) × has as a vector × 2 more types with data for this species

Blocks that do not sit under a navigation concept heading keep the source's own term: no navigation concept has been assigned to them yet.

is eaten by 127 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Autumn Webworm Hyphantria cunea Erebidae	is eaten by	6	no location
6 sources · 6 records Brian G. Scholtens (Expert) Published in globalbioticinteractions/hale2024 Context: no place published · no date published Jordon Tourville (Expert) Published in globalbioticinteractions/hale2024 Context: no place published · no date published Robinson, G. S., Ackery, P. A., Kitching, I., Beccaloni, G. W., Hernández, L. M. (2023). HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants [Data set]. Natural History Museum. (doi:10.5519/havt50xw) <https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/hosts> Published in globalbioticinteractions/hale2024 Context: no place published · no date published Edward Baker; Ian Kitching; George W Beccaloni; Amoret Whitaker; Steen Dupont; Vincent Smith; John S Noyes (2017). NHM Interactions Bank. https://doi.org/10.5519/0060767. Accessed at <https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/82e807f0-6273-4f19-be0a-7f7558442a25/resource/f84ad9f1-bd0c-4811… Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Poelen, J. H. Global Biotic Interactions: Interpreted Data Products. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5708970 (2021). Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: Global · Jan. 1, 2021 · Metaanalysis Ellis, W. N. (2022). Plant Parasites of Europe – leafminers, galls and fungi [Database]. https://bladmineerders.nl/ Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: Europe · Jan. 1, 2022 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Bedstraw Hawk-moth Hyles gallii Sphingidae	is eaten by	5	no location
5 sources · 5 records Brian G. Scholtens (Expert) Published in globalbioticinteractions/hale2024 Context: no place published · no date published Jordon Tourville (Expert) Published in globalbioticinteractions/hale2024 Context: no place published · no date published Robinson, G. S., Ackery, P. A., Kitching, I., Beccaloni, G. W., Hernández, L. M. (2023). HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants [Data set]. Natural History Museum. (doi:10.5519/havt50xw) <https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/hosts> Published in globalbioticinteractions/hale2024 Context: no place published · no date published Edward Baker; Ian Kitching; George W Beccaloni; Amoret Whitaker; Steen Dupont; Vincent Smith; John S Noyes (2017). NHM Interactions Bank. https://doi.org/10.5519/0060767. Accessed at <https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/82e807f0-6273-4f19-be0a-7f7558442a25/resource/f84ad9f1-bd0c-4811… Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Poelen, J. H. Global Biotic Interactions: Interpreted Data Products. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5708970 (2021). Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: Global · Jan. 1, 2021 · Metaanalysis A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Talicada nyseus Lycaenidae	is eaten by	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/199095919 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 12, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/240738731 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 9, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/288053674 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 6, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197001588 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 14, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197001590 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 14, 2023 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Melon aphid Aphis gossypii Aphididae	is eaten by	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records Poelen, J. H. Global Biotic Interactions: Interpreted Data Products. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5708970 (2021). Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: Global · Jan. 1, 2021 · Metaanalysis Ellis, W. N. (2022). Plant Parasites of Europe – leafminers, galls and fungi [Database]. https://bladmineerders.nl/ Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: Europe · Jan. 1, 2022 Neff, F., Brändle, M., Ambarli, D., Ammer, C., Bauhus, J., Boch, S., Hölzel, N., Klaus, V. H., Kleinebecker, T., Prati, D., Schall, P., Schäfer, D., Schulze, E. D., Seibold, S., Simons, N. K., Weisser, W. W., Pellissier, L., & Gossner, M. M. (2021). Changes in plant-herbivore ne… Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: Germany · Jan. 1, 2021 · Visual observation Lampel, G., & Meier, W. (2003). Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha—Aphidina Teil 2. In Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha—Aphidina. Centre suisse de cartographie de la faune. Published in globalbioticinteractions/trophiCH Context: Switzerland · Jan. 1, 2005 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12516697 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 16, 2018 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 127, by number of studies See more of this type

is a host of 93 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. In the source ontology symbiosis covers mutualism, commensalism and parasitism alike, so this block holds attackers and allies side by side.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Purslane White Rust Wilsoniana portulacae Albuginaceae	is a host of	305	not compared
305 sources · 353 records Farr, David F.; Rossman, Amy Y.; Castlebury, Lisa A. (2021). United States National Fungus Collections Fungus-Host Dataset. Ag Data Commons. https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1524414. Accessed at <https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host/archive/47a3882c0c536… Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Kyrgyzstan · no date published; China · no date published Thines, M. , and Spring, O. . 2005. A revision of %Albugo% (Chromista, Peronosporomycetes). Mycotaxon 92:443-458 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; Brazil · no date published Baker, R.E.D., and Dale, W.T.. 1948. Fungi of Barbados and the Windward Islands.. Mycol. Pap. 25:1-26 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Saint Vincent · no date published; Dominica · no date published Voglmayr, H., and Riethmuller, A.. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of %Albugo% species (white blister rusts) based on LSU rDNA sequence and oospore data. Mycol. Res. 110:75-85 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Namibia · no date published; Austria · no date published https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11588701 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Farnham · Aug. 6, 1936 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11588694 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Winnipeg, Manitoba Agricultural College campus · July 17, 1935 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11644521 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: St. Hyacinthe · Oct. 1, 1947 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11644522 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Mount Rolland · Aug. 26, 1944 · Preserved specimen And 297 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Purslane White Rust Wilsoniana portulacae Albuginaceae	is a host of	44	not compared
44 sources · 51 records Farr, David F.; Rossman, Amy Y.; Castlebury, Lisa A. (2021). United States National Fungus Collections Fungus-Host Dataset. Ag Data Commons. https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1524414. Accessed at <https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host/archive/47a3882c0c536… Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Mozambique · no date published; Turkey · no date published Anonymous. 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 165:1-531 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): United States · no date published; United States · no date published Garcia-Blazquez, G., Constantinescu, O., Telleria, M.T., and Martin, M.P.. 2006. Preliminary checklist of Albuginales and Peronosporales (Chromista) reported from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Mycotaxon 98:185-188 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Portugal · no date published; Spain · no date published Urtiaga, R.. 1986. Indice de enfermedades en plantas de Venezuela y Cuba. Impresos en Impresos Nuevo Siglo. S.R.L., Barquisimeto, Venezuela :202 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Cuba · no date published; Venezuela · no date published https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1841680 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Vienna, III. (Landstrasse) in the area named "Arsenal"; ruderal roadside · July 7, 2008 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1842362 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Chiba Asahi-machi, Matsudo, grassland · Oct. 1, 2009 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1853520 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Vienna, Xi. (district Simmering) close to the junction Grillgasse-Werkstattenweg; open soil · Sept. 21, 2009 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=8244755 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Vienna, district Simmering (XI.) in the cemetery ""Friedhof Simmering""; wayside · Aug. 5, 2010 · Preserved specimen And 36 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Dichotomophthora indica	is a host of	41	not compared
41 sources · 41 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335427 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Ciudad Juarez Intercepted El Paso Texas #002319 · Aug. 1, 1970 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335428 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Ciudad Juarez Intercepted El Paso Texas #002317 · Aug. 6, 1970 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335429 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Ciudad Juarez Intercepted El Paso Texas #71924 · Sept. 21, 1968 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335430 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Zaragosa, Chihuahua Intercepted El Paso Texas #71954 · Aug. 29, 1968 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335431 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Ciudad Juarez Intercepted El Paso Texas #70402 · Sept. 13, 1967 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335432 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Ciudad Juarez Intercepted El Paso Texas #71955 · Aug. 28, 1968 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335433 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Intercepted El Paso Texas #68648 · Aug. 24, 1966 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335434 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Intercepted El Paso Texas #68650 · Sept. 19, 1966 · Preserved specimen And 33 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Dichotomophthora portulacae	is a host of	23	no location
23 sources · 23 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11595858 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Fingal · no date published · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335465 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · no date published · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335466 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · no date published · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335469 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · no date published · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335470 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · Sept. 1, 1969 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335471 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · Sept. 1, 1969 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335472 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · Sept. 1, 1969 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1335507 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Honolulu University of Hawaii campus · Oct. 3, 1969 · Preserved specimen And 15 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 93, by number of studies See more of this type

Flower visit

has its flowers visited by 66 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. Visiting a flower is not pollinating it. «Pollinates» is a different term and a different block, and merging the two is the measured defect that turned ~88 shared «pollinators» into birds and primates.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
American Hover Fly Eupeodes americanus Syrphidae	has its flowers visited by	4	not compared
4 sources · 5 records Records of organisms other than plants having flower visitors are probably errors Published in globalbioticinteractions/refuted-biotic-interactions-by-eol Record contexts (sample): no place published · no date published; no place published · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/241483428 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 13, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/250631005 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 5, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/250632530 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 5, 2024 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Northern White-Skipper Heliopetes ericetorum Hesperiidae	has its flowers visited by	3	not compared
3 sources · 4 records Records of organisms other than plants having flower visitors are probably errors Published in globalbioticinteractions/refuted-biotic-interactions-by-eol Record contexts (sample): no place published · no date published; no place published · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133666481 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 4, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136080321 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 22, 2022 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Western Pygmy-Blue Brephidium exilis Lycaenidae	has its flowers visited by	3	not compared
3 sources · 4 records Records of organisms other than plants having flower visitors are probably errors Published in globalbioticinteractions/refuted-biotic-interactions-by-eol Record contexts (sample): no place published · no date published; no place published · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7739911 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 1, 2017 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/135318706 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 16, 2022 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Talicada nyseus Lycaenidae	has its flowers visited by	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197001588 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 14, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197001590 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 14, 2023 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 66, by number of studies See more of this type

interacts with 57 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Purslane Sawfly Schizocerella pilicornis Argidae	interacts with	83	not compared
83 sources · 85 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/224784888 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · June 24, 2024 · Human observation; no place published · June 24, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/182699047 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Sept. 10, 2023 · Human observation; no place published · Sept. 10, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198352730 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 20, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/306236951 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 14, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5845714 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 18, 2017 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/217942727 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 24, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/224630031 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 23, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/225953571 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 29, 2024 · Human observation And 75 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Purslane White Rust Wilsoniana portulacae Albuginaceae	interacts with	30	not compared
30 sources · 32 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221441602 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · June 8, 2024 · Human observation; no place published · June 8, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230694046 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · July 3, 2024 · Human observation; no place published · July 3, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198356482 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 24, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198628394 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 10, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/307993553 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 21, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/224229923 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 21, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126507822 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 16, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/127357875 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 22, 2022 · Human observation And 22 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Portulaca leafmining weevil Hypurus bertrandi Curculionidae	interacts with	17	not compared
17 sources · 18 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/335635867 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 6, 2026 · Human observation; no place published · Jan. 6, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198978277 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 11, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/992004 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 30, 2014 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1421787 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 25, 2015 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1424813 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 26, 2015 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1436023 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 29, 2015 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/202933753 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 18, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2622937 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 28, 2016 · Human observation And 9 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Pegomya rufescens Anthomyiidae	interacts with	10	not compared
10 sources · 11 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131572373 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Aug. 14, 2022 · Human observation; no place published · Aug. 14, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/106645557 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 19, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/113051549 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 26, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/220753225 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 5, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221009885 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 7, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221010272 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 7, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221011098 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 7, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/138080441 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 1, 2022 · Human observation And 2 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 57, by number of studies See more of this type

Pollination

is pollinated by 30 organisms

This term declares that the organism benefits this species. «Visits the flowers of» is a different term and a different block: a visitor is not a pollinator, and merging the two is the measured defect that turned ~88 shared «pollinators» into birds and primates.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Hemiteles gracilariae	is pollinated by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson. Published in globalbioticinteractions/web-of-life Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Green Furrow Bee Lasioglossum morio Halictidae	is pollinated by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Lanuza et al. (2025), EuPPollNet: A European Database of Plant-Pollinator Networks. Global Ecol Biogeogr, 34: e70000. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70000. Accessed at <https://github.com/JoseBSL/EuPPollNet/archive/31716d21d5aad8c27c1d91dd0620149ef42e8836.zip> on 04 Sep 2026. Published in JoseBSL/EuPPollNet Context: Piazzola sul Brenta · July 27, 2020 · Focal_observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Bombylius atriceps Bombyliidae	is pollinated by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson. Published in globalbioticinteractions/web-of-life Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Spallanzania hesperidarum Tachinidae	is pollinated by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson. Published in globalbioticinteractions/web-of-life Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 30, by number of studies See more of this type

interacts with 20 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Portulaca leafmining weevil Hypurus bertrandi Curculionidae	interacts with	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197291693 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 22, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5082108 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 10, 2017 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38172019 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 1, 2020 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/147931896 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 3, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/149206052 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 20, 2023 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Common Purslane Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae	interacts with	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=HIMS2273-12 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: In Front of Torrence School, Waterloo Ave. · July 18, 2012 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=KSR262-07 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Regional Municipality of York, King Twp., Jokers Hill West., NW end of plowed area N of E-po · Aug. 28, 2006 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=RBPLT023-13 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Rouge National Urban Park, Sector 7 · Sept. 14, 2013 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=WAT071-12 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Chatham-Kent County, Ridgetown, Ridgetown College Campus, Compost area near old ra · Aug. 7, 2007 · Material sample A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining. Accessed at <https://github.com/EOL/pseudonitzchia/archive/e5838965a186fba4b7215cd0d179c4526773bad5.zip> on 04 Sep 2026. Published in EOL/pseudonitzchia Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina Passerellidae	interacts with	1	no location
1 source · 1 record A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining. Accessed at <https://github.com/EOL/pseudonitzchia/archive/e5838965a186fba4b7215cd0d179c4526773bad5.zip> on 04 Sep 2026. Published in EOL/pseudonitzchia Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Echinochloa colona Poaceae	interacts with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=841845 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Domain 04, Lajas Experimental Station NEON · Nov. 25, 2020 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 20, by number of studies See more of this type

is a mutualist of 19 organisms

This term declares that the organism benefits this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Hypostena dunningii	is a mutualist of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record @book{bhl43820, title = {Flowers and insects; lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty-three flowers, }, copyright = {Public domain. Published 1923-1963 with notice but no evidence of copyright renewal found in Stanford Copyright Renewal Database. Contact dcc@library.uiuc.… Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Context: no place published · July 1, 1899 · field observations A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Variable Duskyface Fly Melanostoma mellinum Syrphidae	is a mutualist of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record @book{bhl43820, title = {Flowers and insects; lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty-three flowers, }, copyright = {Public domain. Published 1923-1963 with notice but no evidence of copyright renewal found in Stanford Copyright Renewal Database. Contact dcc@library.uiuc.… Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Context: no place published · July 1, 1899 · field observations A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Thistle Longhorn-Cuckoo Triepeolus donatus Apidae	is a mutualist of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record @book{bhl43820, title = {Flowers and insects; lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty-three flowers, }, copyright = {Public domain. Published 1923-1963 with notice but no evidence of copyright renewal found in Stanford Copyright Renewal Database. Contact dcc@library.uiuc.… Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Context: no place published · July 1, 1899 · field observations A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Galápagos carpenter bee Xylocopa darwini Apidae	is a mutualist of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record elberling NA Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Context: no place published · Jan. 1, 1993 · search in the literature A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 19, by number of studies See more of this type

has as a parasite 11 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Purslane White Rust Wilsoniana portulacae Albuginaceae	has as a parasite	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/301866200 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 28, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230694046 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 3, 2024 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Filenchus polyhypnus	has as a parasite	1	no location
1 source · 1 record ABRS 2009. Australian Faunal Directory. Filenchus polyhypnus. Australian Biological Resources StudyNode, Canberra. Accessed at <http://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9cc0863f-125c-0b3b-e044-00144f3b4a43> on 04 Sep 2026. Published in globalbioticinteractions/siad Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Rileya megastigma Eurytomidae	has as a parasite	1	no location
1 source · 1 record De San979b via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Parasitoid wasp Neochrysocharis formosus Eulophidae	has as a parasite	1	no location
1 source · 1 record Cikman2012 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 11, by number of studies See more of this type

is visited by 8 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Purslane White Rust Wilsoniana portulacae Albuginaceae	is visited by	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/298202213 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 15, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/130522715 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 12, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/134724433 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 12, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/239649555 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 30, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58130460 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 31, 2020 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Beet Webworm Spoladea recurvalis Crambidae	is visited by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141773126 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 29, 2022 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Oides decempunctata Chrysomelidae	is visited by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/32514586 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 11, 2016 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Plain-tailed Hanging Thief Diogmites neoternatus Asilidae	is visited by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231091457 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 22, 2024 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 8, by number of studies See more of this type

is adjacent to 5 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Purslane White Rust Wilsoniana portulacae Albuginaceae	is adjacent to	70	not compared
70 sources · 70 records b4bd87bb-32d5-4c08-a15a-0cf545f574bb Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Albissola Marina · Sept. 1, 1878 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=4364529 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Perry · July 12, 1902 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=4364531 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Perry · July 12, 1902 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=4364534 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Hamilton County, Ohio · no date published · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=2927553 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · July 8, 1896 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3763591 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Davie · April 10, 1930 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3763592 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Billings · Aug. 28, 1912 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3763620 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: London · July 1, 1893 · Preserved specimen And 62 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Odontochilus Orchidaceae	is adjacent to	3	not compared	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at genus level.
3 sources · 3 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=2696514 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: URBANA · June 9, 1880 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=2696864 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Moline · Sept. 21, 1881 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=2696867 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: COBDEN · Oct. 22, 1881 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Whitemarked fleahopper Spanagonicus albofasciatus Miridae	is adjacent to	1	not compared
1 source · 38 records Tri-Trophic Thematic Collection Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2016-03-08. http://tcn.amnh.org/. National Science Foundation grant(s) EF#1115081, EF#1115103, EF#1115080, EF#1115144, EF#1115191, EF#1115104, EF#1115115 Published in globalbioticinteractions/arthropodEasyCaptureAMNH Record contexts (sample): Stoneville · Aug. 4, 1982 · Preserved specimen; Stoneville · Aug. 4, 1982 · LabelObservation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Aufeius impressicollis Rhopalidae	is adjacent to	1	not compared
1 source · 2 records Tri-Trophic Thematic Collection Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2016-03-08. http://tcn.amnh.org/. National Science Foundation grant(s) EF#1115081, EF#1115103, EF#1115080, EF#1115144, EF#1115191, EF#1115104, EF#1115115 Published in globalbioticinteractions/arthropodEasyCaptureAMNH Record contexts (sample): Stoneville · Aug. 18, 1981 · Preserved specimen; Stoneville · Aug. 18, 1981 · LabelObservation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 5, by number of studies See more of this type

is a mutualist of 3 organisms

This term declares that the organism benefits this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Tripartite Sweat Bee Halictus tripartitus Halictidae	is a mutualist of	1	no location
1 source · 2 records @article{Ponisio_2017,doi = {10.1111/ele.12821},url = {https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fele.12821},year = 2017,month = {sep},publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},volume = {20},number = {10},pages = {1261--1272},author = {Lauren C. Ponisio and Marilia P. Gaiarsa and Claire Kremen},editor = {Do… Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 2014 · field capture; no place published · Jan. 1, 2014 · field capture A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Margined Calligrapher Toxomerus marginatus Syrphidae	is a mutualist of	1	no location
1 source · 3 records @article{Ponisio_2017,doi = {10.1111/ele.12821},url = {https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fele.12821},year = 2017,month = {sep},publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},volume = {20},number = {10},pages = {1261--1272},author = {Lauren C. Ponisio and Marilia P. Gaiarsa and Claire Kremen},editor = {Do… Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 2007 · field capture; no place published · Jan. 1, 2012 · field capture A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Incomplete Sweat Bee Lasioglossum incompletum Halictidae	is a mutualist of	1	no location
1 source · 7 records @article{Ponisio_2017,doi = {10.1111/ele.12821},url = {https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fele.12821},year = 2017,month = {sep},publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},volume = {20},number = {10},pages = {1261--1272},author = {Lauren C. Ponisio and Marilia P. Gaiarsa and Claire Kremen},editor = {Do… Published in globalbioticinteractions/mangal Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 2007 · field capture; no place published · Jan. 1, 2014 · field capture A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 3 of 3, by number of studies

has as a vector 1 organism

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
birds Aves	has as a vector	1	no location	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at class level.
1 source · 1 record @Report{White_2020, year = {2020}, author = {Matthew White and Steven Sinclair and Doug Frood}, title = {{Victorian Vital Attributes Database}}, institution = {Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria}, type = {database}, } Published in globalbioticinteractions/austraits Context: no place published · no date published · literature field A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

Interaction data from Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI), GloBI 0.11. Each row keeps the citation its own study published.

Interactions are published at species level: they are not resolved by variety or race.

Each block is headed by the source's own term, read from this species' end — not by a category of ours. Two similar terms are not merged.

«Documented here» means the interaction was observed in this territory. It is not evidence that the species is here, and it does not enter the niche model.

Acompañantes documentados

This agronomic reading comes from a source reserved for internal use, so it is not shown here.

Documented uses and recommendations

Uses and recommendations that a source documents for this species beside a crop, each in its own context. They are the source's statements, not traits of the species and not Biolítica's recommendations, and none of them is a relation between two species.

Among the sources you can read, none documents a use or recommendation of this species beside a crop.