Balsam Tree (Bursera simaruba)

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Identidad taxonómica

Scientific name: Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.
Canonical name: The scientific name without its authorship or date, for example Zea mays instead of Zea mays L.: Bursera simaruba
Authorship: The author or authors credited with publishing the scientific name. It is written after the name, sometimes with the year, for example L. (Linnaeus) in Zea mays L. An author in parentheses first published the name in another genus or rank.: (L.) Sarg.
Common names: Balsam Tree, West Indian birch, Copperwood, Gum Tree, Gum-elemi, Lime Tree, Red Birch, Terpentine Tree, Tourist Tree, West Indian-birch, White Man Tree, gumbo limbo, Gumbo-limbo, Turpentine Tree
Names in other languages (43)
Almacigo, Almácigo, Amerikanischer Balsam, Baltoji bursera, Cascara sagrada | Indioencuero | Resbala monos, Chaca, Chaca o chacah, Chacaj, Chakaj, Cuajilote, Gommier rouge, Gonmyé, Gonmyé wouj, Gomnyé bayé, Indio desnudo, Jiote, Jiñocuabe, Kal ma̱lí, Mulato, Pal'i Siya Dushi, Palo colorado, Palo mulato, Palu di Sia Djaka, Palu di Sia Krus, Palu di sia Kòrá, Pal’i siya còrá, Papelillo, Resbalamono, Sia Blanku, Takamahak, Thi- un, Tik-tak, Tzaca, almácigo blanco, amerikanskt balsamträd, bois de gommier blanc, burzera živicová, březule balzámová, cholo pelao, karate, osoczyn ciemny, palo jiote, tärpättitohtorinpuu, 裂榄, 裂欖
Kingdom: One of the broadest ranks of biological classification. It groups organisms that share very basic features, for example plants (Plantae), animals (Animalia) or fungi (Fungi).: Plantae
Phylum: Rank below kingdom that groups organisms with a shared general body plan, for example chordates (Chordata), arthropods (Arthropoda) or vascular plants (Tracheophyta). In botany the same rank is also called division.: Tracheophyta
Class: Rank below phylum, for example mammals (Mammalia), birds (Aves), insects (Insecta) or monocot plants such as grasses and orchids (Liliopsida).: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rank below class that groups related families, for example grasses and their relatives (Poales) or bats (Chiroptera).: Sapindales
Family: Rank below order that groups related genera. Family names usually end in -aceae in botany (for example Poaceae, the grass family) and in -idae in zoology (for example Felidae, the cat family).: Burseraceae
Genus: Rank that groups closely related species. Its name is the first word of a species' scientific name and starts with a capital letter, for example Zea in Zea mays.: Bursera
Specific epithet: The second word of a species' scientific name. On its own it does not name the species: it always goes with the genus, for example mays in Zea mays.: simaruba
Taxonomic rank: The level a name occupies in the hierarchy of biological classification, such as kingdom, family, genus, species or subspecies.: species
Reference species: Bursera simaruba
Taxonomic status: Whether the taxonomic catalogue the record comes from currently accepts this name for the organism, or treats it as a synonym of another accepted name or as doubtful.: accepted name

Photos and conservation status

IUCN Red List category: The extinction-risk category that the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assigns to a species on its Red List. EX Extinct: there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. EW Extinct in the wild: it survives only in cultivation, in captivity or as a population far outside its past range. CR Critically endangered, EN Endangered and VU Vulnerable: the three threatened categories, from an extremely high to a high risk of extinction in the wild. NT Near threatened: close to qualifying as threatened. LC Least concern: evaluated and not threatened. DD Data deficient: there is not enough information to assess its risk. NE Not evaluated: not yet assessed against the criteria. It describes the risk of the species worldwide, not its situation in a project's area.: Least concern (LC)
Source: IUCN Red List via GBIF, queried on 2026-10-09 13:04.

Photo of Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. — Photo: Mike Brady · CC BY 4.0 · View original image · Original observation

Research-grade iNaturalist observations via GBIF, CC0 or CC BY licences only, queried on 2026-10-09 13:04.

Interacciones documentadas

GloBI says it is documented somewhere in the world. Biolitica answers whether it could happen here.

A documented interaction means it was recorded somewhere in the world. It does not mean it occurs here.

Types shown: 12 of 13 is eaten by × is a host of × interacts with (this species is the record's destination) × is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of × is visited by × has its flowers visited by × co-occurs ecologically with × interacts with (this species is the record's origin) × is adjacent to × is pollinated by × has as a parasite × has as a vector × 1 more type with data for this species

Blocks that do not sit under a navigation concept heading keep the source's own term: no navigation concept has been assigned to them yet.

is eaten by 107 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Orange-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula canicularis Psittacidae	is eaten by	17	not compared
17 sources · 18 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73754850 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · April 1, 2021 · Human observation; no place published · April 1, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116684241 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 21, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/326896195 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 17, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/335205878 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 17, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341018530 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 25, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341204175 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 17, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/342988338 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 14, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/353867790 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 25, 2026 · Human observation And 9 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Grey Catbird Dumetella carolinensis Mimidae	is eaten by	7	not compared
7 sources · 10 records Ramos-Robles 2016 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Record contexts (sample): Mexico · no date published; Mexico · no date published Ortiz-Pulido 2000 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Mexico · no date published Ramos-Robles 2018 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Mexico · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/202042256 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 11, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/353520699 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 24, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/266863898 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 22, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/274760123 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 14, 2025 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus Cardinalidae	is eaten by	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records Ramos-Robles 2016 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Mexico · no date published Ramos-Robles 2018 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Mexico · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/324906927 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 3, 2020 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/270317972 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 13, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/270838889 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 15, 2025 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Summer Tanager Piranga rubra Cardinalidae	is eaten by	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records Ortiz-Pulido 2000 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Mexico · no date published Ramos-Robles 2016 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Mexico · no date published Ramos-Robles 2018 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Mexico · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104311690 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 1, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/270071341 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 11, 2025 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 107, by number of studies See more of this type

is a host of 100 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. In the source ontology symbiosis covers mutualism, commensalism and parasitism alike, so this block holds attackers and allies side by side.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
BOLD:AAA8476 Notodontidae	is a host of	12	not compared
12 sources · 12 records http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANA506-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Santa Rosa, Vado Rio Calera · Nov. 26, 2001 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANA507-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector El Hacha, Sendero Bejuquilla · July 11, 2002 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANA511-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Del Oro, Quebrada Trigal · Oct. 27, 2003 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANA512-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Potrerillos, Rio Azufrado · Oct. 10, 2002 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANB359-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Santa Rosa, Bosque San Emilio · Oct. 17, 2004 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHMXA709-06 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Mundo Nuevo, Vado Huacas · June 23, 2005 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHMXO220-08 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Mundo Nuevo, Sendero Aguacate · June 4, 2007 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHMXU366-08 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Cacao, Quebrada Heliconia · Aug. 30, 2007 · Material sample And 4 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
BOLD:AAA6770 Notodontidae	is a host of	6	not compared
6 sources · 6 records http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANA514-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Santa Rosa, Cafetal · Nov. 24, 2001 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANA519-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Potrerillos, Rio Azufrado · Nov. 16, 2001 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANA526-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Santa Rosa, Sendero Natural · Nov. 3, 1995 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHAND064-06 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Santa Rosa, Quebrada Puercos · Oct. 13, 2005 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHAND065-06 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Potrerillos, Rio Azufrado · Oct. 31, 2005 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHMXI497-07 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Mundo Nuevo, Porton Rivas · Oct. 26, 2006 · Material sample A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Splitgill Schizophyllum commune Schizophyllaceae	is a host of	6	not compared
6 sources · 6 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1728171 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Upper Mateacumba Key piles of trees bulldozed in clearing rocky land · Oct. 23, 1958 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1728172 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Crawl Key, between Key Vaca & Long Key · Oct. 22, 1958 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1728173 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Riding Rock Point, San Salvador · Dec. 25, 1963 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3277420 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Upper Matecumbe Key · Oct. 23, 1958 · Preserved specimen Minter, D.W., Rodriguez Hernandez, M., and Mena Portales, J.. 2001. Fungi of the Caribbean: an annotated checklist. PDMS Publishing :946 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: West Indies · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/342123899 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 26, 2026 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
BOLD:AAA6354 Notodontidae	is a host of	4	not compared
4 sources · 4 records http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANA635-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Santa Rosa, Casona Santa Rosa · Nov. 9, 2003 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHANA636-05 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Santa Rosa, Quebrada Costa Rica · Nov. 2, 2003 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHMXI496-07 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Mundo Nuevo, Porton Rivas · Oct. 27, 2006 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=MHMYQ1424-12 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector El Hacha, Estacion Los Almendros · Nov. 19, 2011 · Material sample A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 100, by number of studies See more of this type

interacts with 80 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Orange-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula canicularis Psittacidae	interacts with	20	not compared
20 sources · 20 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/324230467 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 23, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/326896195 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 17, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/335205878 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 17, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341018530 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 25, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341204175 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 17, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341993038 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 4, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/353867790 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 25, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/145547661 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Dec. 31, 2022 · Human observation And 12 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
corcho bobo Pisonia albida Nyctaginaceae	interacts with	6	not compared
6 sources · 6 records https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821450 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Plot GUAN_062 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Guanica Dry Forest. Guanica, Puerto R… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821451 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Plot GUAN_062 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Guanica Dry Forest. Guanica, Puerto R… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821460 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Plot GUAN_003 (plot dimensions: 40m x 40m), Guanica Dry Forest Lluveras trail. Guan… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821464 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Plot GUAN_014 (plot dimensions: 40m x 40m), Guanica Dry Forest. Guanica, Puerto Ric… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821466 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Guanica Dry Forest hoya honda trail. Guanica, Puerto Rico · Oct. 20, 2025 · Preserv… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821467 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Plot GUAN_062 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Guanica Dry Forest. Guanica, Puerto R… A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Oysterwood Gymnanthes lucida Euphorbiaceae	interacts with	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1543665 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Guanica Dry Forest, Guanica P.R · Nov. 19, 2024 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1543666 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Guanica Dry forest Guanica PR · Nov. 19, 2024 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1543667 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Guanica Dry Forest. Guanica, P.R · Nov. 19, 2024 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1543671 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Guanica Dry Forest, Guanica P.R · Nov. 26, 2024 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1543672 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Guanica Dry Forest, Guanica P.R · Nov. 27, 2024 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Social Flycatcher Myiozetetes similis Tyrannidae	interacts with	4	not compared
4 sources · 4 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341203547 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 17, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341992308 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 3, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/343663188 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 18, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/369776338 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 5, 2026 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 80, by number of studies See more of this type

is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of 23 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Dentiscutata heterogama Gigasporaceae	is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records S. Pehim Limbu, S.L. Stürmer, G. Zahn, C.A. Aguilar-Trigueros, N. Rogers, & V.B. Chaudhary, Climate-linked biogeography of mycorrhizal fungal spore traits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2505059122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2505059122 (2025). Accessed at <https://gi… Published in globalbioticinteractions/limbu2025 Context: no place published · no date published Morgan, B.S. and Egerton‐Warburton, L.M., 2017. Barcoded NS31/AML2 primers for sequencing of arbuscular mycorrhizal communities in environmental samples.. Published in globalbioticinteractions/globalamfungi Context: North America · Jan. 1, 2013 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Septoglomus viscosum Glomeraceae	is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of	1	not compared
1 source · 6 records Morgan, B.S. and Egerton‐Warburton, L.M., 2017. Barcoded NS31/AML2 primers for sequencing of arbuscular mycorrhizal communities in environmental samples.. Published in globalbioticinteractions/globalamfungi Record contexts (sample): North America · Jan. 1, 2013; North America · Jan. 1, 2013 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Gigaspora gigantea Gigasporaceae	is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record S. Pehim Limbu, S.L. Stürmer, G. Zahn, C.A. Aguilar-Trigueros, N. Rogers, & V.B. Chaudhary, Climate-linked biogeography of mycorrhizal fungal spore traits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2505059122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2505059122 (2025). Accessed at <https://gi… Published in globalbioticinteractions/limbu2025 Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Rhizophagus aggregatus Glomeraceae	is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record S. Pehim Limbu, S.L. Stürmer, G. Zahn, C.A. Aguilar-Trigueros, N. Rogers, & V.B. Chaudhary, Climate-linked biogeography of mycorrhizal fungal spore traits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2505059122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2505059122 (2025). Accessed at <https://gi… Published in globalbioticinteractions/limbu2025 Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 23, by number of studies See more of this type

is visited by 17 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Orange-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula canicularis Psittacidae	is visited by	21	not compared
21 sources · 21 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/210537925 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 27, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116684241 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 21, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/324230467 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 23, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/326896195 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 17, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/335205878 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 17, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341018530 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 25, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341204175 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 17, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/344993676 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 22, 2026 · Human observation And 13 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Masked Tityra Tityra semifasciata Tityridae	is visited by	4	not compared
4 sources · 4 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341203511 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 17, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/344094846 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 4, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/345794139 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 28, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/263707359 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 2, 2025 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Megachile inimica inimica Megachilidae	is visited by	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73972392 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 14, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74263709 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 17, 2021 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
San Blas Jay Cyanocorax sanblasianus Corvidae	is visited by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/351314812 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 24, 2026 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 17, by number of studies See more of this type

Flower visit

has its flowers visited by 17 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. Visiting a flower is not pollinating it. «Pollinates» is a different term and a different block, and merging the two is the measured defect that turned ~88 shared «pollinators» into birds and primates.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Megachile inimica inimica Megachilidae	has its flowers visited by	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73972392 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 14, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74263709 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 17, 2021 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Tepanec Long-horned Bee Melissodes tepaneca Apidae	has its flowers visited by	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74452976 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 18, 2021 · Human observation Vandame R, Mérida J, Sagot P, Madrigal González D, Bedolla García B Y, González-Vanegas P A, Cultid-Medina C A, Barrios J M (2023). Potential host plant records recovered from ECOAB wild bee collection, Mexico. Version 1.10. Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la bio… Published in globalbioticinteractions/ecoab-host-plant Context: Calaute · April 27, 2010 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Vireo altiloquous	has its flowers visited by	2	no location
2 sources · 2 records Carlo, T.A., Collazo, J.A. and Groom, M.J., 2003. Avian fruit preferences across a Puerto Rican forested landscape: pattern consistency and implications for seed removal. Oecologia, 134(1), pp.119-131. Published in millerse/Pollination-Collection Context: Puerto Rico · Feb. 1, 1998 Records of organisms other than plants having flower visitors are probably errors Published in globalbioticinteractions/refuted-biotic-interactions-by-eol Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Puerto Rican Bullfinch Melopyrrha portoricensis Thraupidae	has its flowers visited by	1	no location
1 source · 1 record Carlo, T.A., Collazo, J.A. and Groom, M.J., 2003. Avian fruit preferences across a Puerto Rican forested landscape: pattern consistency and implications for seed removal. Oecologia, 134(1), pp.119-131. Published in millerse/Pollination-Collection Context: Puerto Rico · Feb. 1, 1998 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 17, by number of studies See more of this type

co-occurs ecologically with 8 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Rhizophagus prolifer Glomeraceae	co-occurs ecologically with	1	not compared
1 source · 19 records S. Pehim Limbu, S.L. Stürmer, G. Zahn, C.A. Aguilar-Trigueros, N. Rogers, & V.B. Chaudhary, Climate-linked biogeography of mycorrhizal fungal spore traits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2505059122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2505059122 (2025). Accessed at <https://gi… Published in globalbioticinteractions/limbu2025 Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 2013; no place published · Jan. 1, 2013 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Racocetra castanea	co-occurs ecologically with	1	not compared
1 source · 17 records S. Pehim Limbu, S.L. Stürmer, G. Zahn, C.A. Aguilar-Trigueros, N. Rogers, & V.B. Chaudhary, Climate-linked biogeography of mycorrhizal fungal spore traits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2505059122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2505059122 (2025). Accessed at <https://gi… Published in globalbioticinteractions/limbu2025 Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 1, 2013; no place published · Jan. 1, 2013 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Diversispora trimurales Diversisporaceae	co-occurs ecologically with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record S. Pehim Limbu, S.L. Stürmer, G. Zahn, C.A. Aguilar-Trigueros, N. Rogers, & V.B. Chaudhary, Climate-linked biogeography of mycorrhizal fungal spore traits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2505059122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2505059122 (2025). Accessed at <https://gi… Published in globalbioticinteractions/limbu2025 Context: no place published · Jan. 1, 2013 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Dentiscutata heterogama Gigasporaceae	co-occurs ecologically with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record S. Pehim Limbu, S.L. Stürmer, G. Zahn, C.A. Aguilar-Trigueros, N. Rogers, & V.B. Chaudhary, Climate-linked biogeography of mycorrhizal fungal spore traits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2505059122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2505059122 (2025). Accessed at <https://gi… Published in globalbioticinteractions/limbu2025 Context: no place published · Jan. 1, 2013 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 8, by number of studies See more of this type

interacts with 5 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Centepee Plant Comocladia dodonaea Anacardiaceae	interacts with	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=856706 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Domain 04, Guanica Forest NEON, Guanica Dry Forest Guitarras trail, PR · Nov. 30, 2020 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1126372 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Plot GUAN_003 (plot dimensions: 40m x 40m), Guanica Dry Forest. Guanica, Puerto Ric… A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Desmodium tortuosum Fabaceae	interacts with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=856706 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Domain 04, Guanica Forest NEON, Guanica Dry Forest Guitarras trail, PR · Nov. 30, 2020 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
White Mangrove Laguncularia racemosa Combretaceae	interacts with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=856706 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Domain 04, Guanica Forest NEON, Guanica Dry Forest Guitarras trail, PR · Nov. 30, 2020 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
firebush Croton lucidus Euphorbiaceae	interacts with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1126372 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Guanica Forest NEON (GUAN), Plot GUAN_003 (plot dimensions: 40m x 40m), Guanica Dry Forest. Guanica, Puerto Ric… A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 5, by number of studies See more of this type

is adjacent to 4 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Graphis Graphidaceae	is adjacent to	1	not compared	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at genus level.
1 source · 1 record 4a514fde-3458-471f-b086-c87d0a4bcb41 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: between Juticalpa and El Asilo, region of Mimosa thickets · March 10, 1949 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Rectolejeunea Lejeuneaceae	is adjacent to	1	no location	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at genus level.
1 source · 1 record 58cf264e-e8b3-4de6-a8ef-e2ed28bbda0c Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Royal Palm Hammock (State Park), in Everglades National Park, west of Homestead on Route 205 · Jan. 1, 1983 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Artist's Bracket And Allies Ganoderma	is adjacent to	1	not compared	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at genus level.
1 source · 1 record https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13368392 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · Jan. 1, 2020 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
perlemoseslekta Lejeunea Lejeuneaceae	is adjacent to	1	no location	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at genus level.
1 source · 1 record ff26fa79-0a8b-4cfb-9b00-a055483b56fb Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Royal Palm Hammock (State Park), in Everglades National Park, west of Homestead on Route 205 · Jan. 1, 1983 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 4, by number of studies

Pollination

is pollinated by 3 organisms

This term declares that the organism benefits this species. «Visits the flowers of» is a different term and a different block: a visitor is not a pollinator, and merging the two is the measured defect that turned ~88 shared «pollinators» into birds and primates.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Flathead Chub Platygobio gracilis Cyprinidae	is pollinated by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Percival, M. (1974). Floral Ecology of Coastal Scrub in Southeast Jamaica. Biotropica, 6, 104-129. Published in globalbioticinteractions/web-of-life Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
European Honey Bee Apis mellifera Apidae	is pollinated by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Percival, M. (1974). Floral Ecology of Coastal Scrub in Southeast Jamaica. Biotropica, 6, 104-129. Published in globalbioticinteractions/web-of-life Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Xylocopa Apidae	is pollinated by	1	not compared	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at genus level.
1 source · 1 record Percival, M. (1974). Floral Ecology of Coastal Scrub in Southeast Jamaica. Biotropica, 6, 104-129. Published in globalbioticinteractions/web-of-life Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 3 of 3, by number of studies

has as a parasite 2 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Euplectrus josei Eulophidae	has as a parasite	1	no location
1 source · 1 record HanssoSmJa2015 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Psittacanthus rhynchanthus Loranthaceae	has as a parasite	1	no location
1 source · 1 record http://parasiticplants.siu.edu/Loranthaceae/index.html Published in millerse/parasitic-plant-connection Context: Jinotega, Nicaragua · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 2 of 2, by number of studies

has as a vector 1 organism

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
NEW WORLD LEAF-NOSED BATS Phyllostomidae Phyllostomidae	has as a vector	1	not compared	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at family level.
1 source · 1 record Galindo-González, J., J. S. Guevara & V. J. Sosa. 2000. Bat- and bird-generated seed rains at isolated trees in pastures in a tropical rainforest. Conservation Biology 14 (6): 1693-1703. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Los Tuxtlas · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

Interaction data from Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI), GloBI 0.11. Each row keeps the citation its own study published.

Interactions are published at species level: they are not resolved by variety or race.

Each block is headed by the source's own term, read from this species' end — not by a category of ours. Two similar terms are not merged.

«Documented here» means the interaction was observed in this territory. It is not evidence that the species is here, and it does not enter the niche model.

Acompañantes documentados

This agronomic reading comes from a source reserved for internal use, so it is not shown here.

Documented uses and recommendations

Uses and recommendations that a source documents for this species beside a crop, each in its own context. They are the source's statements, not traits of the species and not Biolítica's recommendations, and none of them is a relation between two species.

Not grouped under a navigation concept

What the source states	Claim type	Context	Source
Árbol nativo candidato de paisaje	Recommendation of a guideRecommended	coffee · Veracruz, México	Biolítica · compilación de café de CIE-10 sha256:e376ce4d636a
1 source · 2 records Flores-Ortiz et al. 2025 Record contexts (sample): coffee · Veracruz, México; coffee · Veracruz, México A guide's recommendation, in its own context. It is not a measurement and does not carry over to another crop or region.
Árbol con valoración local	Documented useAsserted	coffee · Veracruz, México	Biolítica · compilación de café de CIE-10 sha256:e376ce4d636a
1 source · 1 record Flores-Ortiz et al. 2025 Context: coffee · Veracruz, México A documented use says what the source records this species is used for, in that context. It is not a measurement and does not carry over to another crop or region.