Madrasthorn (Pithecellobium dulce)

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Identidad taxonómica

Scientific name: Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.
Canonical name: The scientific name without its authorship or date, for example Zea mays instead of Zea mays L.: Pithecellobium dulce
Authorship: The author or authors credited with publishing the scientific name. It is written after the name, sometimes with the year, for example L. (Linnaeus) in Zea mays L. An author in parentheses first published the name in another genus or rank.: (Roxb.) Benth.
Common names: Madrasthorn, Manila tamarind, Manila-tamarind, Monkeypod, Monkeypod, Manila tamarind, Madras thorn, Sweet inga, Blackbead, Yovo michin, blackbead, camachile, guayamochil, monkeypod tree, sweet inga, sweet-inga
Names in other languages (56)
Asam Belanda, Asêm Londo, Buche, Camambilarinde, Chiminango, Jina, Jina extranjera, Kamansilis, Kamantiris, Kamatsile, Kamatsilis, Maco'ochiini, Madirokarany, Mata-fome, Me nước, Mokonazi lahi, Madiro karana, Pithécellobium doux, Pithécellobium doux, Tamarin d'Inde, Tamarin de l'Inde, Saldžioji beždžionpupė, Tamarin d'inde, Tsinavu Ndrume, `opiuma, acácia-mimosa, chucum blanco, dažďovec sladký, guamá americano, guamúchil, huamúchil, kamachile, macachuni, madre de flecha, meksikonapinanpalko, mutúri-te, opiuma, pinzán, pois sucré, umuh, Питецеллобиум сладкий, נזם-קוף מתוק, تمبر هندی مانیلا, غاف البحر, لوز هندي, जंगल जलेबी, जलेबी, विलायती चिंच, খইয়া বাবলা, ଶିମକଇଁଆ, கொடுக்காப்புளி, கொடுக்காய்ப்புளி, సీమ చింత, ಸೀಮೆ ಹುಣಸೆ, മാനിലപ്പുളി, มะขามเทศ, អំពិលទឹក, 牛蹄豆, 金龜樹
Kingdom: One of the broadest ranks of biological classification. It groups organisms that share very basic features, for example plants (Plantae), animals (Animalia) or fungi (Fungi).: Plantae
Phylum: Rank below kingdom that groups organisms with a shared general body plan, for example chordates (Chordata), arthropods (Arthropoda) or vascular plants (Tracheophyta). In botany the same rank is also called division.: Tracheophyta
Class: Rank below phylum, for example mammals (Mammalia), birds (Aves), insects (Insecta) or monocot plants such as grasses and orchids (Liliopsida).: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rank below class that groups related families, for example grasses and their relatives (Poales) or bats (Chiroptera).: Fabales
Family: Rank below order that groups related genera. Family names usually end in -aceae in botany (for example Poaceae, the grass family) and in -idae in zoology (for example Felidae, the cat family).: Fabaceae
Genus: Rank that groups closely related species. Its name is the first word of a species' scientific name and starts with a capital letter, for example Zea in Zea mays.: Pithecellobium
Specific epithet: The second word of a species' scientific name. On its own it does not name the species: it always goes with the genus, for example mays in Zea mays.: dulce
Taxonomic rank: The level a name occupies in the hierarchy of biological classification, such as kingdom, family, genus, species or subspecies.: species
Reference species: Pithecellobium dulce
Taxonomic status: Whether the taxonomic catalogue the record comes from currently accepts this name for the organism, or treats it as a synonym of another accepted name or as doubtful.: accepted name

Photos and conservation status

IUCN Red List category: The extinction-risk category that the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assigns to a species on its Red List. EX Extinct: there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. EW Extinct in the wild: it survives only in cultivation, in captivity or as a population far outside its past range. CR Critically endangered, EN Endangered and VU Vulnerable: the three threatened categories, from an extremely high to a high risk of extinction in the wild. NT Near threatened: close to qualifying as threatened. LC Least concern: evaluated and not threatened. DD Data deficient: there is not enough information to assess its risk. NE Not evaluated: not yet assessed against the criteria. It describes the risk of the species worldwide, not its situation in a project's area.: Least concern (LC)
Source: IUCN Red List via GBIF, queried on 2026-10-12 18:09.

Photo of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. — Photo: Sinaloa Silvestre · CC0 1.0 · View original image · Original observation

Research-grade iNaturalist observations via GBIF, CC0 or CC BY licences only, queried on 2026-10-12 18:09.

Interacciones documentadas

GloBI says it is documented somewhere in the world. Biolitica answers whether it could happen here.

A documented interaction means it was recorded somewhere in the world. It does not mean it occurs here.

Types shown: 10 of 10 is a host of × is eaten by × interacts with (this species is the record's destination) × has its flowers visited by × interacts with (this species is the record's origin) × is visited by × has as a parasite × is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of × is preyed upon by × has as a vector ×

Blocks that do not sit under a navigation concept heading keep the source's own term: no navigation concept has been assigned to them yet.

is a host of 81 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. In the source ontology symbiosis covers mutualism, commensalism and parasitism alike, so this block holds attackers and allies side by side.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Ravenelia pithecellobii Raveneliaceae	is a host of	14	not compared
14 sources · 17 records Stevenson, J.A.. 1975. Fungi of Puerto Rico and the American Virgin Islands. Contr. Reed Herb. 23:743 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Virgin Islands · no date published; Puerto Rico · no date published Spaulding, P.. 1961. Foreign Diseases of Forest Trees of the World. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 197:1-361 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): Venezuela · no date published; Mexico · no date published Boa, E., and Lenn@e, J.. 1994. Diseases of Nitrogen Fixing Trees in Developing Countries. An annotated list. Natural Resources Inst., Kent, United Kingdom :82 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): West Indies · no date published; Mexico · no date published https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1039687 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Mazatlan Intercepted at Nogales 004150 Arizona · May 4, 1975 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1041476 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Intercepted at Nogales 84529 · June 25, 1961 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1041477 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Guadalajara · Sept. 27, 1903 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1041478 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Guadalajara · Sept. 27, 1903 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1810353 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Guatire, Miranda Edo. · March 18, 1938 · Preserved specimen And 6 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Colletotrichum dematium Glomerellaceae	is a host of	7	not compared
7 sources · 7 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1262197 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Svay Rieng · Sept. 24, 1958 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1262198 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Phnom Penh · Oct. 21, 1958 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1262199 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Svay Rieng · Aug. 29, 1959 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1262200 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Phnom Penh · Oct. 4, 1958 · Preserved specimen Pande, A., and Rao, V.G.. 1998. A Compendium Fungi on Legumes from India. Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur :188 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: India · no date published Mathur, R.S.. 1979. The Coelomycetes of India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Delhi, India. :460 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: India · no date published Sarbhoy, A.K., and Agarwal, D.K.. 1990. Descriptions of Tropical Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Set 1.. Malhotra Publ. House, New Delhi :-- Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: India · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Colletotrichum jahnii Glomerellaceae	is a host of	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=14808488 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Federal District, Puerto La Cruz · Jan. 2, 1928 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11553700 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Puerto La Cruz · Jan. 2, 1928 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=918960 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Federal District, Puerto La Cruz · Jan. 2, 1928 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1263251 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Puerto La Cruz · Jan. 2, 1928 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1263252 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Puerto La Cruz · Jan. 1, 1928 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Passalora pithecellobii Mycosphaerellaceae	is a host of	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1347528 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Intercepted Brownsville Texas #010701 · March 6, 1981 · Preserved specimen Crous, P.W., and Braun, U.. 2003. %Mycosphaerella% and its anamorphs: 1. Names published in %Cercospora% and %Passalora%. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht :571 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: Cuba · no date published Camino-Vilaro, M., Castro-Hernandez, L., Abreu-Herrera, Y., Mena-Portales, J., and Cantillo-Perez, T.. 2019. Fungi associated with invasive plant species in Cuba. Phytotaxa 419(3):239-267 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: Cuba · no date published Urtiaga, R.. 1986. Indice de enfermedades en plantas de Venezuela y Cuba. Impresos en Impresos Nuevo Siglo. S.R.L., Barquisimeto, Venezuela :202 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: Cuba · no date published Ellis, M.B.. 1976. More dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England :507 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: Cuba · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 81, by number of studies See more of this type

is eaten by 79 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Orange-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula canicularis Psittacidae	is eaten by	9	not compared
9 sources · 9 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/222102006 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 11, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/222102021 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 11, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12820024 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 21, 2018 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/340173988 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 21, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/260653222 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 10, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/280698654 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 6, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/295544337 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 1, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/70203216 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 16, 2020 · Human observation And 1 more source, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Bombycillidae	is eaten by	7	not compared
7 sources · 7 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69075109 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 4, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71683579 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 20, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73030194 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 5, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74657336 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 20, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74657519 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 20, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/76652204 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 2, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/76652215 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 2, 2021 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Greater Shortnosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx Pteropodidae	is eaten by	6	not compared
6 sources · 6 records Bhat, H. 1994. Observations on the food and feeding behaviour of Cynopterus sphinx Vahl (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) at Pune, India. Mammalia 58 (3): 363-370. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Pune · no date published Rajan, K. E., N. G. Nair & R. Subbaraj. 1999. Seasonal food preferences of the Indian short nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 96 (1): 24-27. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Madurai · no date published Sudhakaran, M. R. & P. S. Doss. 2012. Food and foraging preferences of three pteropodid bats in southern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4 (1): 2295-2303. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Tamil Nadu · no date published Sudhakaran 2012 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: India · no date published Bhat, H. R. 1994. Observations of the food and feeding behavior of Cynopterus sphinx Vahl (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) at Pune, India. Mammalia, 58: 363-370. Published in globalbioticinteractions/bat-co-roosting-database Context: Pune city (18°32'N ; 73°5TE) · Jan. 1, 1986 ACS Published in qgroom/bat-co-roosting-database Context: Pune city (18°32'N ; 73°5TE) · June 1, 1986 A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Mexican Cacique Cassiculus melanicterus Icteridae	is eaten by	6	not compared
6 sources · 6 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/488339 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 3, 2013 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5606282 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 7, 2017 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/337579408 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 6, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/24884316 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 4, 2019 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341059988 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 2, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144212461 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Dec. 3, 2022 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 79, by number of studies See more of this type

interacts with 45 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe Pieridae	interacts with	45	not compared
45 sources · 45 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100368023 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 6, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100669303 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 9, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100750719 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 10, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101247515 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 16, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101383686 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 18, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101925882 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 26, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/105296572 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 21, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/106664105 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 13, 2022 · Human observation And 37 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Eriboea solon Nymphalidae	interacts with	7	not compared
7 sources · 7 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5176785 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Dec. 6, 2016 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/242445542 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 18, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/243753467 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 23, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/253149979 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 24, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/293048533 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 27, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92877221 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 29, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96084629 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 25, 2021 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Orange-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula canicularis Psittacidae	interacts with	6	not compared
6 sources · 6 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12820024 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 21, 2018 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/340173988 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 21, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/260653222 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 10, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/49427426 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 12, 2020 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/280698654 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 6, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/295544337 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 1, 2025 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Greater Shortnosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx Pteropodidae	interacts with	4	no location
4 sources · 4 records Sudhakaran and Doss, 2012 Published in globalbioticinteractions/aziz2021 Context: India · no date published Bhat, 1994 Published in globalbioticinteractions/aziz2021 Context: India · no date published Rajan et al., 1999 Published in globalbioticinteractions/aziz2021 Context: India · no date published Marimuthu et al., 1998 Published in globalbioticinteractions/aziz2021 Context: India · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 45, by number of studies See more of this type

Flower visit

has its flowers visited by 14 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. Visiting a flower is not pollinating it. «Pollinates» is a different term and a different block, and merging the two is the measured defect that turned ~88 shared «pollinators» into birds and primates.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Common Line Blue Prosotas nora Lycaenidae	has its flowers visited by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/147601145 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 29, 2023 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Nomia westwoodi Halictidae	has its flowers visited by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/147877720 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 2, 2023 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Melanis acroleuca Riodinidae	has its flowers visited by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101211432 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 13, 2021 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Marine Blue Leptotes marina Lycaenidae	has its flowers visited by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/254808719 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 29, 2024 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 14, by number of studies See more of this type

interacts with 8 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
green panic grass Urochloa maxima Poaceae	interacts with	12	not compared
12 sources · 12 records https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=841889 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Domain 04, Lajas Experimental Station Site, LAJA_071 Lajas PR. NEON Plot LAJA_071 · Sept. 26, 2019 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=856738 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Domain 04, Lajas Experimental Station NEON, Lajas PR, UPR-M experimental dairy farm · Dec. 2, 2020 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821452 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821453 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821478 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821479 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821480 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821481 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… And 4 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Ethiopian dogstooth grass Cynodon nlemfuensis Poaceae	interacts with	9	not compared
9 sources · 9 records https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=856738 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Domain 04, Lajas Experimental Station NEON, Lajas PR, UPR-M experimental dairy farm · Dec. 2, 2020 · Preserved specimen https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821452 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821453 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821478 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821479 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821480 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821481 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821482 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimental station dairy farm · Aug. 21, 2025 · Prese… And 1 more source, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Fever Bit Ruellia tuberosa Acanthaceae	interacts with	6	not compared
6 sources · 6 records https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821452 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821453 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821478 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821479 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821480 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821481 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Plot LAJA_071 (plot dimensions: 200m x 200m), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimen… A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Chaff-flower Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae	interacts with	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821482 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimental station dairy farm · Aug. 21, 2025 · Prese… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821483 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Lajas PR, UPR-M experimental station dairy farm · Aug. 21, 2025 · Prese… https://biorepo.neonscience.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1821485 Published in globalbioticinteractions/neon-biorepo Context: Atlantic Neotropical (D04), Lajas Experimental Station NEON (LAJA), Tai South Dairy Farm, Lajas, Puerto Rico · Aug. 21, 2025 · Preserved sp… A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 8, by number of studies See more of this type

is visited by 8 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Umbonia crassicornis Membracidae	is visited by	45	not compared
45 sources · 45 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/16817633 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 22, 2018 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/333103823 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 1, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/333522587 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 1, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/333525699 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 1, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/333925006 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 6, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/333925494 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 6, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/333942247 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 6, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/333942876 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 6, 2026 · Human observation And 37 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Orange-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula canicularis Psittacidae	is visited by	9	not compared
9 sources · 9 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/222102006 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 11, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/222102021 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 11, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12820024 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 21, 2018 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/340173988 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 21, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/260653222 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 10, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/49427426 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 12, 2020 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/280698654 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 6, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/295544337 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 1, 2025 · Human observation And 1 more source, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus Psittacidae	is visited by	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200103159 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 22, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/367735018 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 27, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/260460130 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Jan. 16, 2025 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Mexican Cacique Cassiculus melanicterus Icteridae	is visited by	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/337374565 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 2, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/337579408 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 6, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/341059988 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 2, 2026 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 8, by number of studies See more of this type

has as a parasite 7 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Encarsia pitilla Aphelinidae	has as a parasite	1	no location
1 source · 1 record MyartsEv2008 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Horismenus patensis Eulophidae	has as a parasite	1	no location
1 source · 1 record PikartCoHa2015 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Psittacanthus calyculatus Loranthaceae	has as a parasite	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65760959 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 28, 2020 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Cynipoidea	has as a parasite	1	not compared	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at superfamily level.
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/261645770 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Dec. 8, 2024 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 7, by number of studies See more of this type

is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of 4 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Glomus ambisporum Glomeraceae	is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record S. Pehim Limbu, S.L. Stürmer, G. Zahn, C.A. Aguilar-Trigueros, N. Rogers, & V.B. Chaudhary, Climate-linked biogeography of mycorrhizal fungal spore traits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2505059122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2505059122 (2025). Accessed at <https://gi… Published in globalbioticinteractions/limbu2025 Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Rhizophagus aggregatus Glomeraceae	is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record S. Pehim Limbu, S.L. Stürmer, G. Zahn, C.A. Aguilar-Trigueros, N. Rogers, & V.B. Chaudhary, Climate-linked biogeography of mycorrhizal fungal spore traits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2505059122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2505059122 (2025). Accessed at <https://gi… Published in globalbioticinteractions/limbu2025 Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Acaulospora colombiana Acaulosporaceae	is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record S. Pehim Limbu, S.L. Stürmer, G. Zahn, C.A. Aguilar-Trigueros, N. Rogers, & V.B. Chaudhary, Climate-linked biogeography of mycorrhizal fungal spore traits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2505059122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2505059122 (2025). Accessed at <https://gi… Published in globalbioticinteractions/limbu2025 Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Acaulospora spinosa Acaulosporaceae	is an arbuscular mycorrhizal host of	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record S. Pehim Limbu, S.L. Stürmer, G. Zahn, C.A. Aguilar-Trigueros, N. Rogers, & V.B. Chaudhary, Climate-linked biogeography of mycorrhizal fungal spore traits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2505059122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2505059122 (2025). Accessed at <https://gi… Published in globalbioticinteractions/limbu2025 Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 4, by number of studies

is preyed upon by 2 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Bombycillidae	is preyed upon by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88329169 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 10, 2021 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Gila Woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis Picidae	is preyed upon by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84749420 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 27, 2021 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 2 of 2, by number of studies

has as a vector 1 organism

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus Pteropodidae	has as a vector	1	not compared
1 source · 3 records Vendan, S. & B. Kaleeswaran. 2011. Plant dispersal by Indian flying fox Pteropus giganteus in Madurai region, India. Bio-Diversity 30: 1810-1813. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Record contexts (sample): Alagar Kovil Madurai · no date published; Kidaraipatti Madurai · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

Interaction data from Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI), GloBI 0.11. Each row keeps the citation its own study published.

Interactions are published at species level: they are not resolved by variety or race.

Each block is headed by the source's own term, read from this species' end — not by a category of ours. Two similar terms are not merged.

«Documented here» means the interaction was observed in this territory. It is not evidence that the species is here, and it does not enter the niche model.

Acompañantes documentados

This agronomic reading comes from a source reserved for internal use, so it is not shown here.

Documented uses and recommendations

Uses and recommendations that a source documents for this species beside a crop, each in its own context. They are the source's statements, not traits of the species and not Biolítica's recommendations, and none of them is a relation between two species.

Among the sources you can read, none documents a use or recommendation of this species beside a crop.