Florida Strangler (Ficus aurea)

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Identidad taxonómica

Scientific name: Ficus aurea Nutt.
Canonical name: The scientific name without its authorship or date, for example Zea mays instead of Zea mays L.: Ficus aurea
Authorship: The author or authors credited with publishing the scientific name. It is written after the name, sometimes with the year, for example L. (Linnaeus) in Zea mays L. An author in parentheses first published the name in another genus or rank.: Nutt.
Common names: Florida Strangler, Florida Strangler Fig, Golden Fig
Names in other languages (19)
Amate dorado, Ara Emas, Figuier (Haiti), Figuier blanc, Florida strangler fig; Golden wild fig (Bahamas), Higo cimarron (Dominican Republic), Higo cimarrón, Higon, Higueron, Jagueicillo, Jaguey hembra (Cuba), fico strangolatore della Florida, figovník zlatý, figowiec duszący, gyllenfikus, kuld-viigipuu, kultaviikuna, Фикус золотистый, 勒頸無花果
Kingdom: One of the broadest ranks of biological classification. It groups organisms that share very basic features, for example plants (Plantae), animals (Animalia) or fungi (Fungi).: Plantae
Phylum: Rank below kingdom that groups organisms with a shared general body plan, for example chordates (Chordata), arthropods (Arthropoda) or vascular plants (Tracheophyta). In botany the same rank is also called division.: Tracheophyta
Class: Rank below phylum, for example mammals (Mammalia), birds (Aves), insects (Insecta) or monocot plants such as grasses and orchids (Liliopsida).: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rank below class that groups related families, for example grasses and their relatives (Poales) or bats (Chiroptera).: Rosales
Family: Rank below order that groups related genera. Family names usually end in -aceae in botany (for example Poaceae, the grass family) and in -idae in zoology (for example Felidae, the cat family).: Moraceae
Genus: Rank that groups closely related species. Its name is the first word of a species' scientific name and starts with a capital letter, for example Zea in Zea mays.: Ficus
Specific epithet: The second word of a species' scientific name. On its own it does not name the species: it always goes with the genus, for example mays in Zea mays.: aurea
Taxonomic rank: The level a name occupies in the hierarchy of biological classification, such as kingdom, family, genus, species or subspecies.: species
Reference species: Ficus aurea
Taxonomic status: Whether the taxonomic catalogue the record comes from currently accepts this name for the organism, or treats it as a synonym of another accepted name or as doubtful.: accepted name

Photos and conservation status

IUCN Red List category: The extinction-risk category that the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assigns to a species on its Red List. EX Extinct: there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. EW Extinct in the wild: it survives only in cultivation, in captivity or as a population far outside its past range. CR Critically endangered, EN Endangered and VU Vulnerable: the three threatened categories, from an extremely high to a high risk of extinction in the wild. NT Near threatened: close to qualifying as threatened. LC Least concern: evaluated and not threatened. DD Data deficient: there is not enough information to assess its risk. NE Not evaluated: not yet assessed against the criteria. It describes the risk of the species worldwide, not its situation in a project's area.: Not available.

No photos have been requested for this species yet.

Interacciones documentadas

GloBI says it is documented somewhere in the world. Biolitica answers whether it could happen here.

A documented interaction means it was recorded somewhere in the world. It does not mean it occurs here.

Types shown: 11 of 11 is eaten by × interacts with (this species is the record's destination) × is a host of × has as a parasite × is adjacent to × has as a vector × interacts with (this species is the record's origin) × is visited by × is dispersed by × has as a host × is a parasite of ×

Blocks that do not sit under a navigation concept heading keep the source's own term: no navigation concept has been assigned to them yet.

is eaten by 86 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Black-throated Blue Warbler Setophaga caerulescens Parulidae	is eaten by	16	not compared
16 sources · 16 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8399819 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 23, 2017 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9607180 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 7, 2016 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/320093376 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 10, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/320781745 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 6, 2020 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/324380004 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 30, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/16950413 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 26, 2018 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20850894 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 1, 2016 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/24623936 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 27, 2019 · Human observation And 8 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Cape May Warbler Setophaga tigrina Parulidae	is eaten by	10	not compared
10 sources · 10 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/320223036 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 9, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/321695786 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 18, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/323911615 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 28, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/22140436 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 6, 2019 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/355392951 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 26, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/356180484 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 28, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139788469 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 23, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/244113972 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 14, 2023 · Human observation And 2 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula Icteridae	is eaten by	7	not compared
7 sources · 7 records M_SD_019 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Costa Rica · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/321695780 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 18, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139285811 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 18, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139530405 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 20, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/246803010 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 3, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/154965114 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 15, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/97856157 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 10, 2021 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus Cardinalidae	is eaten by	6	not compared
6 sources · 6 records M_SD_019 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: Costa Rica · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/208797640 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 22, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/247797141 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 17, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/156120270 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 22, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/156120275 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 22, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/156312715 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 22, 2023 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 86, by number of studies See more of this type

interacts with 52 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Edwards' Wasp Moth Lymire edwardsii Erebidae	interacts with	25	not compared
25 sources · 28 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/156140481 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · April 22, 2023 · Human observation; no place published · April 22, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/252236183 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Nov. 17, 2024 · Human observation; no place published · Nov. 17, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/205426942 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 4, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/107863770 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 3, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/108768827 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 16, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/307686240 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 20, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/307686247 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 20, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/307686256 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 20, 2025 · Human observation And 17 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Ophiodothella fici Phyllachoraceae	interacts with	17	not compared
17 sources · 24 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19181479 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Dec. 8, 2018 · Human observation; no place published · Dec. 8, 2018 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/147868538 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Feb. 2, 2023 · Human observation; no place published · Feb. 2, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61372473 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · March 3, 2019 · Human observation; no place published · March 3, 2019 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66888148 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Dec. 21, 2020 · Human observation; no place published · Dec. 21, 2020 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67287926 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Dec. 29, 2020 · Human observation; no place published · Dec. 29, 2020 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/193303166 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Dec. 5, 2023 · Human observation; no place published · Dec. 5, 2023 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93802094 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Sept. 4, 2021 · Human observation; no place published · Sept. 4, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99792044 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 29, 2021 · Human observation And 9 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Ruddy Daggerwing Marpesia petreus Nymphalidae	interacts with	9	not compared
9 sources · 9 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/204668221 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · March 30, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111201076 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 12, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/326711820 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 7, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131804124 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 21, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133719072 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 4, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/43951742 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 26, 2020 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/49017285 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 9, 2020 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/391623622 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 14, 2026 · Human observation And 1 more source, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Pegoscapus mexicana Agaonidae	interacts with	5	not compared
5 sources · 11 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/160096045 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · April 29, 2023 · Human observation; no place published · April 29, 2023 · Human observation @article{86691, author = {Peck, O.}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist (Supplement)}, month = {jun}, day = {3}, pages = {1–1092}, title = {A catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera)}, volume = {30}, year = {1963}, stated_year = {1963} } Published in globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks Record contexts (sample): no place published · no date published; no place published · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/142195639 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Sept. 4, 2022 · Human observation; no place published · Sept. 4, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/142195644 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Sept. 4, 2022 · Human observation; no place published · Sept. 4, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/326540454 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 5, 2025 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 52, by number of studies See more of this type

is a host of 49 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. In the source ontology symbiosis covers mutualism, commensalism and parasitism alike, so this block holds attackers and allies side by side.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Physopella ficina Phakopsoraceae	is a host of	37	not compared
37 sources · 37 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=14708016 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Cocoanut Grove · Feb. 28, 1924 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=14701662 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Miami · March 25, 1903 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=14699144 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Cocoanut Grove · Feb. 28, 1924 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=14705469 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Miami · March 25, 1903 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=965071 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Gualan, Zacapa Dept. · Jan. 1, 1906 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=965072 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Fort Myers, Lee Co. vicinity of · Feb. 29, 1916 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=966851 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Canal Point · Feb. 14, 1924 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=966852 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Canal Point · Feb. 14, 1924 · Preserved specimen And 29 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Ophiodothella fici Phyllachoraceae	is a host of	12	not compared
12 sources · 16 records Hanlin, R.T., Goh, T.-K., and Skarshaug, A.J.. 1992. A key to and descriptions of species assigned to %Ophiodothella%, based on the literature. Mycotaxon 44:103-126 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Record contexts (sample): India · no date published; United States · no date published https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1574005 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Hypoluxo Island, Palm Beach Co. · Feb. 24, 1944 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3601827 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Old Dixie highway · Dec. 10, 1964 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3601828 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Fairchild tropical garden Coconut grove · Feb. 29, 1944 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3601829 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Hypoluxo Island; 26.585 -80.04305556 · Feb. 24, 1944 · Preserved specimen Anonymous. 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 165:1-531 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: United States · no date published Alfieri Jr., S.A., Langdon, K.R., Wehlburg, C., and Kimbrough, J.W.. 1984. Index of Plant Diseases in Florida (Revised). Florida Dept. Agric. and Consumer Serv., Div. Plant Ind. Bull. 11:1-389 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: United States · no date published https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99792044 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 29, 2021 · Human observation And 4 more sources, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Pegoscapus jimenezi Agaonidae	is a host of	8	not compared
8 sources · 8 records http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=SICOD1538-19 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Dade County, Miami · May 31, 1989 · Material sample http://bins.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=SICOD1539-19 Published in globalbioticinteractions/bold Context: Dade County, Miami · May 31, 1989 · Material sample @article{95336, author = {Stange, L.A. and Knight, R.J. jr}, booktitle = {Entomology Circular, Division of Primary Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services}, month = {jul}, day = {31}, pages = {4pp}, title = {Fig pollinating wasps of Florida … Published in globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks Context: no place published · no date published @article{55806, author = {Bronstein, J.L. and Patel, A.}, booktitle = {American Midland Naturalist}, journal = {The American Midland Naturalist}, pages = {397-403}, title = {Temperature-sensitive development: consequences for local persistence of two subtropical fig wa… Published in globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks Context: no place published · no date published @article{55805, author = {Bronstein, J.L. and Patel, A.}, booktitle = {American Journal of Botany}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, pages = {41-48}, title = {Causes and consequences of within-tree phenological pattern in the Florida strangling fig <i>Ficus aure… Published in globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks Context: no place published · no date published @article{66055, author = {Gibernau, M. and Hossaert-McKey, M. and Anstett, M.C. and Kjellberg, F.}, booktitle = {Journal of Biogeography}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, pages = {425-432}, title = {Consequences of protecting flowers in a fig: a one-way trip for p… Published in globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks Context: no place published · no date published @article{55803, author = {Bronstein, J.L. and Hossaert-McKey, M.}, booktitle = {Journal of Biogeography}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, pages = {433-446}, title = {Variation in reproductive success within a subtropical fig/pollinator mutualism.}, volume = {23(… Published in globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks Context: no place published · no date published @article{51109, author = {Anstett, M.C. and Bronstein, J.L. and Hossaert McKey, M.}, booktitle = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, pages = {417-428}, title = {Resource allocation: a conflict in the fig/fig wasp mutualism?},… Published in globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Fig rust Cerotelium fici Phakopsoraceae	is a host of	4	no location
4 sources · 4 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3157206 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: University of Michigan Greenhouse. · Jan. 19, 1917 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3157207 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: University of Michigan Greenhouse. · Jan. 19, 1917 · Preserved specimen Anonymous. 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 165:1-531 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: United States · no date published Alfieri Jr., S.A., Langdon, K.R., Wehlburg, C., and Kimbrough, J.W.. 1984. Index of Plant Diseases in Florida (Revised). Florida Dept. Agric. and Consumer Serv., Div. Plant Ind. Bull. 11:1-389 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: United States · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 49, by number of studies See more of this type

has as a parasite 21 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Pegoscapus jimenezi Agaonidae	has as a parasite	9	no location
9 sources · 9 records De San979b via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published StangeKn987 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published GibernHoAn996 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published BronstPa992 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published BronstPa992b via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published HernanSa2001 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published BronstHo996 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published BronstHo995 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published And 1 more source, with fewer records, not listed here. A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Pegoscapus mexicanus	has as a parasite	6	no location
6 sources · 6 records De San979b via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Peck963 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Burks979 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published BronstVeHo998 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Bronst999 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published GiblinCeNa995 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Physothorax russelli Torymidae	has as a parasite	3	no location
3 sources · 3 records Peck963 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Grisse995 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Grisse979b via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Pegoscapus carlosi Agaonidae	has as a parasite	3	no location
3 sources · 3 records Cruaud, A., Ronsted, N., Chantarasuwan, B., Chou, L. S., Clement, W. L., Couloux, A., … Savolainen, V. (2012). An Extreme Case of Plant-Insect Codiversification: Figs and Fig-Pollinating Wasps. Systematic Biology, 61(6), 1029–1047. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys068 Published in globalbioticinteractions/cruaud Context: no place published · no date published De San979b via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published Ramire970 via Universal Chalcidoidea Database Published in globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 21, by number of studies See more of this type

is adjacent to 14 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Physopella ficina Phakopsoraceae	is adjacent to	5	not compared
5 sources · 5 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=448349 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Cocoanut Grove (sic) · Feb. 28, 1924 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=448350 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Miami · March 25, 1903 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=4240331 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · March 25, 1903 · Exsiccati https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=4287505 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Cocoanut Grove · Feb. 28, 1924 · Exsiccati https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=549641 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Miami · March 25, 2003 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Cheilolejeunea rigidula Lejeuneaceae	is adjacent to	4	not compared
4 sources · 4 records 360ddc8f-39b1-4e13-862a-1fbbbaeb5c26 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Route 94, along canal, 3 miles south of Collier County Line · Dec. 25, 1953 · Preserved specimen 972342cf-bd5e-4840-a825-eb0016afebaf Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Route 94, along canal, 3 miles south of Collier County Line · Dec. 25, 1953 · Preserved specimen 06b3ed5b-01c3-4e3d-a00e-2e44ec649fbe Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Route 94, along canal, 3 miles south of Collier County Line · Dec. 25, 1953 · Preserved specimen 868e11f8-48f8-4ffd-8f16-e81b305c879a Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Route 94, along canal, 3 miles south of Collier County Line · Dec. 25, 1953 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Lejeunea phyllobola Lejeuneaceae	is adjacent to	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records 2555000e-a979-48d1-843e-ec7300f5fc1b Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Timms Hammock, Bauer Drive, 2.5 miles north of Homestead · Dec. 28, 1951 · Preserved specimen 0d4fc4b9-273b-446d-b6a2-b2c3d2ce4a67 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Loop Road (Route 94), along canal 2.5-3 mi. N of Monroe County Line · Jan. 4, 1960 · Preserved specimen f8aa9009-ca1a-4e0f-9a4e-49003ab14e59 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Just southwest of tip of Long Pine Key, 2.5 miles west of SW bend in Ingraham Highway; Everglades National Forest · Dec. 22, 1955 · Preserv… A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Frullania riojaneirensis Frullaniaceae	is adjacent to	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record 7a36610f-24c3-4d4d-ae7f-df53c93f32af Published in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh Context: Loop Road (Route 94), along canal 2.5-3 mi. N of Monroe County Line · Jan. 4, 1960 · Preserved specimen A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 14, by number of studies See more of this type

has as a vector 6 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Toltec Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus toltecus Phyllostomidae	has as a vector	3	not compared
3 sources · 3 records Dinerstein, E. 1986. Reproductive ecology of fruit bats and the seasonality of fruit production in a Costa Rican cloud forest. Biotropica 18 (4): 307-318. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve · no date published Shanahan, M., et al. 2001. Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: a global review. Biological Reviews 76: 529-572. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Unspecified · no date published Stashko, E. R. & E. Dinerstein. 1988. Methods of estimating fruit availability to frugivorous bats. In: Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats (T. H. Kunz, ed.). pp. 221-231. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC, USA. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Costa Rica-Forest · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Great Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus lituratus Phyllostomidae	has as a vector	1	no location
1 source · 1 record Shanahan, M., et al. 2001. Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: a global review. Biological Reviews 76: 529-572. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Unspecified · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Bat Chiroptera	has as a vector	1	not compared	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at order level.
1 source · 1 record Medellín, R. A. & R. A. Gaona. 1999. Seed dispersal by bats and birds in forest and disturbed habitats of Chiapas, México. Biotropica 31 (3): 478-485. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Chajul Tropical Biology Station, Selva Lacandona · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Fruit-Eating Bats Artibeus Phyllostomidae	has as a vector	1	no location	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at genus level.
1 source · 1 record Shanahan, M., et al. 2001. Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: a global review. Biological Reviews 76: 529-572. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Unspecified · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 6, by number of studies See more of this type

interacts with 3 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Cabbage Palm Sabal palmetto Arecaceae	interacts with	6	not compared
6 sources · 7 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197039196 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Record contexts (sample): no place published · Jan. 4, 2024 · Human observation; no place published · Jan. 4, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/132215118 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 9, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133711637 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 4, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136461363 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 25, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/357372503 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 25, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/277088789 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 26, 2025 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum Cupressaceae	interacts with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116634613 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Oct. 8, 2021 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Black Olive Terminalia buceras Combretaceae	interacts with	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29148575 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 19, 2019 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 3 of 3, by number of studies

is visited by 2 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Edwards' Wasp Moth Lymire edwardsii Erebidae	is visited by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/287513529 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 7, 2025 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Geiger tortoise beetle Eurypepla calochroma Chrysomelidae	is visited by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/287513527 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · June 7, 2025 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 2 of 2, by number of studies

is dispersed by 1 organism

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Olive-streaked Flycatcher Mionectes olivaceus Tyrannidae	is dispersed by	1	not compared
1 source · 1 record Wheelwright, N.T., Haber, W.A., Murray, K.G., Guindon, C. 1984. Tropical fruit-eating birds and their food plants: a survey of a Costa Rican lower montane forest. Biotropica, 16: 173-192. Published in globalbioticinteractions/web-of-life Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

has as a host 1 organism

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Cabbage Palm Sabal palmetto Arecaceae	has as a host	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/360815468 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 25, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/277084047 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · April 26, 2025 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

is a parasite of 1 organism

This term declares that the organism benefits this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Cabbage Palm Sabal palmetto Arecaceae	is a parasite of	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/252670097 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 10, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/252670488 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Nov. 10, 2024 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

Interaction data from Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI), GloBI 0.11. Each row keeps the citation its own study published.

Interactions are published at species level: they are not resolved by variety or race.

Each block is headed by the source's own term, read from this species' end — not by a category of ours. Two similar terms are not merged.

«Documented here» means the interaction was observed in this territory. It is not evidence that the species is here, and it does not enter the niche model.

Acompañantes documentados

This agronomic reading comes from a source reserved for internal use, so it is not shown here.

Documented uses and recommendations

Uses and recommendations that a source documents for this species beside a crop, each in its own context. They are the source's statements, not traits of the species and not Biolítica's recommendations, and none of them is a relation between two species.

Among the sources you can read, none documents a use or recommendation of this species beside a crop.