Batoka Plum (Flacourtia indica)

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Identidad taxonómica

Scientific name: Flacourtia indica (Burm.fil.) Merr.
Canonical name: The scientific name without its authorship or date, for example Zea mays instead of Zea mays L.: Flacourtia indica
Authorship: The author or authors credited with publishing the scientific name. It is written after the name, sometimes with the year, for example L. (Linnaeus) in Zea mays L. An author in parentheses first published the name in another genus or rank.: (Burm.fil.) Merr.
Common names: Batoka Plum, Batoka-Plum, Flacourtia, Governor's Plum, Governor’s plum, Ramontchi, Batoko plum, Madagascar plum, Indian plum, Indian-plum, Madagascar-plum, Mauritius-Plum, Rhodesian-Plum, batoko-plum, governor's-plum, governors-plum, ramontchi
Names in other languages (68)
Cerezo del gobernador, Ciruela de Madagascar; Governor's plum, Flacourtie d'Inde, Prune malgache, Prune pays, Prunier malgache, Prunier de Madagascar, Flacourtie d'Inde, Prunier de Madagascar, Hambia, Indian plum, Jingoma, Lamonti, Madagascar plum, Moopakgoma, Mtsongoma, Mududwe, Munhunguru, Mutombototo, Mutudza, Mutunguru, N'tchumbutchumbu, Prunier malgache, Ramontschi, Tsingoma, Voandamoty, ameixa-de-Madagascar, batoko plum, bolobolo, ciruela gobernadora, flacourtie d'Inde, goewerneurspruim, kewe, kinsola, marromse, mubamba ngoma, mubukushu, mubulukushu, mululalula, mupulukuswa, muqokolo, mushongwa, musokoswa, muswantsha, mutimbamvula, mutumbula, mutumbulwa, muvhamba-ngoma, mwita ndungula, nqokolo, pazigi, prune malgache, prune pays, prunier de Madagascar, slivkovec indický, suenzengeni, tipa, umqedi, umutukuza, urutaka, xivambula, तांबट, උගුරැස්ස, කටුලොවි, ตะขบป่า, កុប, ក្រខុបព្រៃ, インドルカム, ラモンチー, 刺篱木, 刺籬木, 印度羅旦梅, 鮹鱼
Kingdom: One of the broadest ranks of biological classification. It groups organisms that share very basic features, for example plants (Plantae), animals (Animalia) or fungi (Fungi).: Plantae
Phylum: Rank below kingdom that groups organisms with a shared general body plan, for example chordates (Chordata), arthropods (Arthropoda) or vascular plants (Tracheophyta). In botany the same rank is also called division.: Tracheophyta
Class: Rank below phylum, for example mammals (Mammalia), birds (Aves), insects (Insecta) or monocot plants such as grasses and orchids (Liliopsida).: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rank below class that groups related families, for example grasses and their relatives (Poales) or bats (Chiroptera).: Malpighiales
Family: Rank below order that groups related genera. Family names usually end in -aceae in botany (for example Poaceae, the grass family) and in -idae in zoology (for example Felidae, the cat family).: Salicaceae
Genus: Rank that groups closely related species. Its name is the first word of a species' scientific name and starts with a capital letter, for example Zea in Zea mays.: Flacourtia
Specific epithet: The second word of a species' scientific name. On its own it does not name the species: it always goes with the genus, for example mays in Zea mays.: indica
Taxonomic rank: The level a name occupies in the hierarchy of biological classification, such as kingdom, family, genus, species or subspecies.: species
Reference species: Flacourtia indica
Taxonomic status: Whether the taxonomic catalogue the record comes from currently accepts this name for the organism, or treats it as a synonym of another accepted name or as doubtful.: accepted name

Photos and conservation status

IUCN Red List category: The extinction-risk category that the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assigns to a species on its Red List. EX Extinct: there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. EW Extinct in the wild: it survives only in cultivation, in captivity or as a population far outside its past range. CR Critically endangered, EN Endangered and VU Vulnerable: the three threatened categories, from an extremely high to a high risk of extinction in the wild. NT Near threatened: close to qualifying as threatened. LC Least concern: evaluated and not threatened. DD Data deficient: there is not enough information to assess its risk. NE Not evaluated: not yet assessed against the criteria. It describes the risk of the species worldwide, not its situation in a project's area.: Least concern (LC)
Source: IUCN Red List via GBIF, queried on 2026-10-13 11:01.

Photo of Flacourtia indica (Burm.fil.) Merr. — Photo: Paulmathi Vinod · CC BY 4.0 · View original image · Original observation

Research-grade iNaturalist observations via GBIF, CC0 or CC BY licences only, queried on 2026-10-13 11:01.

Interacciones documentadas

GloBI says it is documented somewhere in the world. Biolitica answers whether it could happen here.

A documented interaction means it was recorded somewhere in the world. It does not mean it occurs here.

Types shown: 5 of 5 is eaten by × is a host of × interacts with (this species is the record's destination) × has as a vector × interacts with (this species is the record's origin) ×

Blocks that do not sit under a navigation concept heading keep the source's own term: no navigation concept has been assigned to them yet.

is eaten by 42 organisms

This term does declare that the organism harms this species.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
White peach scale Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Diaspididae	is eaten by	2	no location
2 sources · 11 records Evans, H. C. and Prior, C. 1990. Entomopathogenic Fungi. pp. 3-17. In Rosen, D. [ed.], Armored Scale Insects. Their Biology, Natural Enemies, and Control. vol. B. Elsevier Science Publishers. Amsterdam. Published in millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens Record contexts (sample): USA · no date published; Seychelles · no date published Kunimi, Y. 1993. A list of insect diseases of Japanese insects. In Iwahana H., Okada M., Kunimi Y., and Shimazu M. [eds.], Manual for the Research on Insect Pathogens. Nihon Shokubutuboeki-kyoukai, Tokyo, p222.; Evans, H. C. and Prior, C. 1990. Entomopathogenic Fungi. pp. 3-17. … Published in millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens Record contexts (sample): USA · no date published; San Thome · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Great Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus lituratus Phyllostomidae	is eaten by	2	no location
2 sources · 2 records Greenhall, A.M. 1957. Food preferences by Trinidad fruit bats. Journal of Mammalogy 38: 409-410 Published in globalbioticinteractions/NeoBat_Interactions Context: no place published · no date published Goodwin and Greenhall,1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago. Bulletin of the American Mu-seum of Natural History, 122:187-302. Published in globalbioticinteractions/bat-co-roosting-database Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Pale-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Dicaeidae	is eaten by	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records Balasubramanian 1996 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: India · no date published Ramaswami 2017 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: India · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Purple-rumped Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica Nectariniidae	is eaten by	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records Balasubramanian 1996 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: India · no date published Ramaswami 2017 Published in globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 Context: India · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 42, by number of studies See more of this type

is a host of 25 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it. In the source ontology symbiosis covers mutualism, commensalism and parasitism alike, so this block holds attackers and allies side by side.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Agrobacterium tumefaciens Rhizobiaceae	is a host of	8	no location
8 sources · 8 records http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/15862196 Published in millerse/Wardeh-et-al.-2015 Context: no place published · no date published http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/157744028 Published in millerse/Wardeh-et-al.-2015 Context: no place published · no date published http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/207366323 Published in millerse/Wardeh-et-al.-2015 Context: no place published · no date published http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/313574332 Published in millerse/Wardeh-et-al.-2015 Context: no place published · no date published http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/313574432 Published in millerse/Wardeh-et-al.-2015 Context: no place published · no date published http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/313574532 Published in millerse/Wardeh-et-al.-2015 Context: no place published · no date published http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/313574630 Published in millerse/Wardeh-et-al.-2015 Context: no place published · no date published http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/313574730 Published in millerse/Wardeh-et-al.-2015 Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Kuehneola flacourtiae Phragmidiaceae	is a host of	6	no location
6 sources · 6 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11608825 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Nairobi · Oct. 1, 1938 · Preserved specimen https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=3044354 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: no place published · Oct. 1, 1938 · Preserved specimen Spaulding, P.. 1961. Foreign Diseases of Forest Trees of the World. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 197:1-361 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: India · no date published Adikaram, N.K.B., and Yakandawala, D.M.D.. 2020. A checklist of plant pathogenic fungi and Oomycota in Sri Lanka. Ceylon J. Sci. 49(1):93-123 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: Sri Lanka · no date published Ragunathan, A.N., and Ramakrishnan, K.. 1973. Rust fungi of Madras State. VII. %Kuehneola%, %Hamaspora%, %Phragmotelium%, %Phragmidium%, %Diorchidium%, %Ravenelia%, %Hapalophragmium% and %Nyssopsora%. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 7:73-86 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: India · no date published Malviya, D.S., and Jain, M.. 1981. Some new records of rust fungi.. Indian Phytopathol. 34:379-381 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: India · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha Nymphalidae	is a host of	3	no location
3 sources · 5 records Wikipedia Published in globalbioticinteractions/ferrer-paris Record contexts (sample): no place published · no date published; no place published · no date published HOSTS DB Published in globalbioticinteractions/ferrer-paris Context: no place published · no date published EOL Published in globalbioticinteractions/ferrer-paris Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Elsinoe flacourtiae Elsinoaceae	is a host of	3	no location
3 sources · 3 records https://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1610813 Published in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal Context: Mahendra Hills · March 29, 1958 · Preserved specimen Mathur, R.S.. 1979. The Coelomycetes of India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Delhi, India. :460 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: India · no date published Sarbhoy, A.K., Lal, G., and Varshney, J.L.. 1971. Fungi of India (1967-71). Navyug Traders, New Delhi :148 Published in globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host Context: India · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 25, by number of studies See more of this type

interacts with 8 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented
Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha Nymphalidae	interacts with	6	not compared
6 sources · 6 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/309016697 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Aug. 24, 2025 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/117173896 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 14, 2022 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227823524 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · July 6, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/242288898 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Sept. 7, 2024 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/359210386 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · May 7, 2026 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/256599449 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Dec. 27, 2024 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Phalanta phalantha phalantha Nymphalidae	interacts with	2	not compared
2 sources · 2 records https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73841104 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 20, 2021 · Human observation https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73841107 Published in globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist Context: no place published · Feb. 20, 2021 · Human observation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
mining scale Howardia biclavis Diaspididae	interacts with	1	not compared
1 source · 2 records Tri-Trophic Thematic Collection Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2016-03-08. http://tcn.amnh.org/. National Science Foundation grant(s) EF#1115081, EF#1115103, EF#1115080, EF#1115144, EF#1115191, EF#1115104, EF#1115115 Published in globalbioticinteractions/arthropodEasyCaptureAMNH Record contexts (sample): Homestead · March 22, 1973 · Preserved specimen; Homestead · March 22, 1973 · LabelObservation A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Madagascan Fruit Bat Eidolon dupreanum Pteropodidae	interacts with	1	no location
1 source · 1 record Racey et al., 2009 Published in globalbioticinteractions/aziz2021 Context: Madagascar · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 4 of 8, by number of studies See more of this type

has as a vector 3 organisms

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
Great Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus lituratus Phyllostomidae	has as a vector	3	no location
3 sources · 3 records Goodwin, G. G. & A. M. Greenhall. 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 122: 187-301. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Trinidad and Tobago · no date published Greenhall, A. M. 1957. Food preferences by Trinidad fruit bats. Journal of Mammalogy 38: 409-410. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Trinidad and Tobago · no date published Gardner, A. L. 1977. Feeding habits. In: Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae. Part II (R. J. Baker, J. K. Jones & D. C. Carter, eds.). pp. 293-350. The Museum, Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, USA. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Unspecified · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Jamaica Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus jamaicensis Phyllostomidae	has as a vector	3	no location
3 sources · 3 records Goodwin, G. G. & A. M. Greenhall. 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 122: 187-301. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Trinidad and Tobago · no date published Greenhall, A. M. 1957. Food preferences by Trinidad fruit bats. Journal of Mammalogy 38: 409-410. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Trinidad and Tobago · no date published Gardner, A. L. 1977. Feeding habits. In: Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae. Part II (R. J. Baker, J. K. Jones & D. C. Carter, eds.). pp. 293-350. The Museum, Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, USA. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Unspecified · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.
Bat Chiroptera	has as a vector	1	no location	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes it at order level.
1 source · 1 record van der Pijl, L. 1957. The dispersal of plants by bats (chiropterochory). Acta Botanica Neerlandica 6: 291-315. Published in globalbioticinteractions/batbase Context: Unspecified · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 3 of 3, by number of studies

interacts with 1 organism

The authority declares no effect on this species for this term: neither that it harms it nor that it benefits it.

Organism	Reads as	Studies	Where it was documented	Actions
no name	interacts with	1	no location	Not a modelling unit: the source publishes no name for this organism.
1 source · 1 record A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining. Accessed at <https://github.com/EOL/pseudonitzchia/archive/e5838965a186fba4b7215cd0d179c4526773bad5.zip> on 04 Sep 2026. Published in EOL/pseudonitzchia Context: no place published · no date published A published relationship says these two taxa were documented interacting. It does not say how often, or that it happens in this project's region.

Showing 1 of 1, by number of studies

Interaction data from Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI), GloBI 0.11. Each row keeps the citation its own study published.

Interactions are published at species level: they are not resolved by variety or race.

Each block is headed by the source's own term, read from this species' end — not by a category of ours. Two similar terms are not merged.

«Documented here» means the interaction was observed in this territory. It is not evidence that the species is here, and it does not enter the niche model.

Acompañantes documentados

This agronomic reading comes from a source reserved for internal use, so it is not shown here.

Documented uses and recommendations

Uses and recommendations that a source documents for this species beside a crop, each in its own context. They are the source's statements, not traits of the species and not Biolítica's recommendations, and none of them is a relation between two species.

Among the sources you can read, none documents a use or recommendation of this species beside a crop.